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Worse than Wasted 



A SUPPLEMENT 



TO 



" OUR WASTED RESOURCES." 



BY 



WM. HABGKREAVES, M.D., Ph.D., 

Author of "Our Wasted Resources" "Alcohol and Science: A 
Prize Essay " "Alcohol and Man " "Malt Liquors, their Na- 
ture and Effects" "Our Nation's Drink- Bill," etc. 




NEW YORK : 

The National Temperance Society and Publication House, 

58 Reade Street, 

1885. 



• hi 



Copyright, 
The National Temperance Society and Publication House, 

1885. 



CONTENTS- 



CHAPTER I. 

THE RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1880. 



The Chief Breadstuffs raised in 1880, 

The Chief Vegetable Products in 1880, ... 

The Quantity and Value of Chief Agricultural Products in 1880, 

Live Stock and its Productions in 1880, 

The Estimated Number and Value of Live Stock in 1880, 
Poultry and Eggs in 1880, . . . 
Our Resources from Manufactures in 1880, .... 
Our Resources from Trade and Commerce in 1880, 

Our Resources from Railroads in 1880, 

Our Resources from Mines, Quarries, etc., in 1880, 

Our Resources from Fisheries in 1880, 

Our Resources from Navigation in 1880, . 

Total Value of Some of the Chief Resources of the United States, 
Total Value of Personal and Real Estate in 1880, . . 
The True Value of Real and Personal Estate in 1880, . 
The Receipts and Expenditures of the United States Government 
for the Fiscal Year ending June 30, 1883, .... 



PAGE 

9 
9 

10 
10 
10 
11 
11 
12 
14 
16 
16 
17 
18 
18 
19 

19 



CHAPTER II. 

THE QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS IN THE UNITED STATES. 

The Quantity and Cost of Liquors in 1870, 1871, and 1872, 
The Quantity and Cost of Liquors consumed in 1873, 
The Quantity and Cost of Liquors consumed in 1874, 
The Quantity and Cost of Liquors consumed in 1875, 
The Quantity and Cost of Liquors consumed in 1876, 
The Quantity and Cost of Liquors consumed in 1877, 
The Quantity and Cost of Liquors consumed in 1878, 
The Quantity and Cost of Liquors consumed in 1879, 
The Quantity and Cost of Liquors consumed during Ten Years, 
The Quantity and Cost of Liquors consumed in 1880, 
The Quantity and Cost of Liquors consumed in 1881, 
The Quantity and Cost of Liquors consumed in 1882, 
The Compendium of Liquor Trades of Table IV. , 1882, 
The Quantity and Cost of Liquors consumed in 1883, 
The Nation's Drink Bill from 1880 to 1883, . 
The Frauds on the Government, etc., 

3 



372, . 


. 21 


• f 


22 


. . 


22 


, , 


24 


• » 


25 


. . 


28 


. 


28 




29 


n Years, 


30 


. 


. 30 


. 


31 


. . 


32 


. 


32 


• • 


33 


• 


37 


• • i 


37 



4 CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER III. 

PAGE 

The Cost of Intoxicating Drinks contrasted, etc., . . . .43 



CHAPTER IY. 

THE LOSSES FROM THE DRINK-TRAFFIC. 

The Loss of Labor of Persons engaged in the Liquor-Trades, . 50 

The Loss of Labor by Drinking, 52 

The Loss by Destruction of Grain, etc., 53 

The Loss from Sickness, etc., by the Use of Drink, ... 54 
The Loss to Employers by Drinking Employees, . . .56 

A Summary of Losses by Drink and their Cost annually, . . 57 

CHAPTER V. 

DRINKS AND BAD TRADE. 

The Liquor-Trades are Unproductive Labor, . . . 63 

The Use of Liquors causes Unproductive Consumption, . . 64 

Do the Liquor-Trades create a Demand for Labor ? . .65 

The Benefit of Money spent for Manufactures, .... 70 

CHAPTER VI. 

MONEY SPENT FOR LIQUORS INJURES LABOR. 

The Estimated Expenditures for Necessaries of Life, ... CO 
: CHAPTER VII. 

THE BREWER'S BUSINESS VERSUS PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRY. 



The Malt-Liquor Business in 1880, . . . . 

The Distilled-Liquor Business in 1880, . 

The Money Spent for the Miller's Products, .... 

The Balance in favor of Spending Money for the Miller's Product 

Is the Brewer's Business Beneficial to Agriculture ? 



85 
88 
90 
94 
95 



TABLES. 



PAGE 

Table I. Some of the Principal Manufactures in the United States, 

1880, ........... 13 

II. Values and Kind of Domestic Exports, 1882, ... 15 

III. Compendium of the Liquor-Business for 1875, . 26,27 

IV. Quantity and Cost of Drinks during Ten Years, . .80 
V. Compendium of Liquor-Trades, 1882, ... . 34, 35 

VI. Revenue on Spirits from 1862 to 1883, etc., ... 40 

VII. Internal Revenue on Fermented Liquors, with Rate of 

Tax, 1862 to 1883 ; also, Brewers and Wholesale and 

Retail Liquor-Dealers, 1873 to 1883, .... 41 

VIII. Imports and Exports and Cost of Liquors, 1800 to 1883, 43 

IX. Money Spent for Food and Food-Preparations, . .69 

X. Money Spent for Manufactures, . . . . .74 

XI. Hands Employed, Wages Paid, Value of Products, etc., 78 

XII. Wages Paid, Percentage for Labor, etc., etc., . . 80 

XIII. Of Malt-Liquor Business, 1880, 88 

XI V. Distilled-Liquor Business, 1880, 89 

XV. Recapitulation of Table XIII., of Malt-Liquor Business, 

and Table XIV., Distilled-Liquor Business, ... 89 
XVI. Recapitulation of Flour and Grist-Mill Products, . . 92 
XVII. Of Totals of Table XVI., of Flour, etc., and Table XV., 

of Liquor-Business, 92 

XVIII. Recapitulation of Labor, Land, etc., for Wheat Flour, 

and Totals of Table XIII. , Malt-Liquor Business, 1880, 96 
5 



THE PREFACE. 



The relation of tha use of intoxicating drinks 
and the traffic in them to trade, labor, and the 
general prosperity of the country is much more 
important than is generally conceived by our peo- 
ple, and especially by our legislators, or they 
would doubtless be more earnest in their efforts 
to adopt measures to suppress the traffic. Ten 
years ago " Our Wasted Resources" was pub- 
lished, in which facts and figures were presented 
to show some of the pecuniary, social, and moral 
evils inflicted upon our country by the use of, and 
the traffic in, intoxicating drinks. 

The book has been kindly received and widely 
circulated, and from expressions of approval, and 
of its beneficial influence upon persons in regions 
where it has been extensively distributed and read, 
we believe it has been the means of throwing some 
light upon the immense waste of our resources and 
the wasteful expenditures of our people. 

Though it has been before the public ten years, 
not a single exception has been taken to the truth 
of the principles advanced or the figures and state- 
ments presented. 

A demand for further information on the sub- 
ject having been made, and figures of later dates 



8 THE PEEFACE. 

desired, "Wokse than Wasted" has been pre- 
pared as a supplement to " Onr Wasted Resour- 
ces," with the hope that the facts, figures, and ar- 
guments presented may excite a wider and still 
deeper investigation of the effects of the use of 
strong drinks and the drink- trades upon the in- 
dustries, trade, and commerce of the country, and 
the welfare and happiness of the people. Such in- 
vestigations cannot fail to impress our people with 
the necessity of adopting measures to blot the li- 
censed liquor- traffic from the statute-book. That 
this may speedily take place is the wish of the 
Author. 

Philadelphia, April, 1885 (2725 N. Front Street). 



Worse than Wasted. 



CHAPTER I. 

THE RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The population of the United States, by Tenth 
Census Report, 1880, was 50,155,783 — females 24, - 
636,963, and males 25,518,820. 

The value of farms, buildings, fences, etc., . . . $10,197,096,776 

The value of farm implements and machinery, . . 406,520,055 

The value of live stock on farms, 1,500,384,707 

The estimated value of all farm products consumed, 

- sold, or on hand for census year 1880, . . . 2,212,540,927 

The value of orchard products, 50,876,154 

The value of market-garden products, . . . . 21,761,250 

The value of forest products, . . . . . 95,774,735 

The value and quantity of special agricultural 
products were as follows : 

THE CHIEF BREADSTUFFS RAISED IN THE CENSUS YEAR 1880; 



Busliels 


Bushels. 


Wheat, . . . 459,483,137 
Rye, . . . 19,831,595 
Indian corn, . 1,754,591,676 


Oats, . . . 407,858,999 
Barley, . . . 43,997,495 
Buckwheat, . . 11,817,327 


Total breadstuffs, 


. . . . 2,697,580,229 


THE CHIEF VEGETAB" 


LE PRODUCTS WERE : 


Hay (tons), . . 35,150,711 

Hops (pounds), . . 26,546.378 
Sugar (hhds.), . . . 178,872 
Molasses (gallons), . 16,573,272 
Rice (pounds), . . 110,131,373 


Cotton (bales), . . 5,755,359 
Tobacco (pounds), . 472,661,157 
Irish potatoes (bush.), 169,458,539 
Sweet potatoes (bush.), 33,378,693 



10 



THE RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



THE QUANTITY AND VALUE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS NAMED, 1880.* 



Kind. 


Quantity — bushels. 


Value. 


Indian corn, 


. 1,717,434,543 


$679,714,499 


Wheat, 


498,549,868 


474,201,850 


Rye, ..... 


24,540,829 


18,564,560 


Oats, . 


417,885,380 


150,243,565 


Barley, . . 


45,165,346 


30,090,742 


Buckwheat, 


14,617,535 


8,682,488 


Potatoes, . 


167,659,570 


81,062,214 


Total, . 


. 2,885,853,071 


$1,442,559,918 


Tobacco (pounds), 


446,296,889 


36,414,615 


Hay (tons), 


31,925,233 


371,811,084 


Cotton (pounds), 


. 2,854,471,100 
jco, hay, and cotton, 


280,266,242 


Total value of tobac 


. $688,491,941 



Grand total value of named agricultural products, $2,131,051,859 

Live stock and its productions, by Census Report, 
1880, were as follows : f 



LIVE STOCK ON FARMS. 



Horses, 

Mules and asses, 
Working oxen, . 
Milch cows, 

Total live stock, 



10,357,488 

1,812,808 

993,841 

12,443,120 



Other cattle, 

Sheep, 

Swine, 



22,488,550 
35,192,074 
47,681,700 



130,969,581 



Wool, . 

Honey, 

Beeswax, 



LIVE-STOCK PRODUCTIONS. 



DAIRY PRODUCTIONS. 



Pounds. 
155,681,751 

25,743,203 
1,105,689 



530,129,755 

777,250,287 



Milk (gallons), . 
Butter (pounds), 
Butter (pounds in fac- 
tory), . . . 29,421,784 

Total value of butter and cheese, 



Mules, 

Milch cows, 

Oxen and other cattle, 

Sheep, 

Hogs, 



Cheese (pounds), 
Cheese (pounds in fac- 
tory), . 



27,272,489 
215,885,361 

$207,958,782 

THE ESTIMATED NUMBER AND VALUE OF LIVE STOCK IN 1880. J 

Kind. Number. Value. 

Horses, ..... 11,429,626 $667,954,325 

1,720,731 120,096,164 

12,368,653 296,277,060 

20,937,702 362,861,509 

43,576,899 104,070,759 

36,247,603 . 170,535,435 



Grand total live stock, . 126,281,214 



$1,721,795,252 



* Report of Department of Agriculture, 1880, pp. 194 to 196. 

t All the figures of resources are taken from Census Report, 1880, unless other- 
wise stated. 

X Report of Department of Agriculture, 1880, pp. 200-201. 



THE RESOURCES OF THE UNITED"" STATES. 11 



POULTRY AND EGGS. 



Barn-yard, 102,272,135 

Other fowls, 23,285,187 

Eggs, . 456,910,916 

These figures of the value of our agricultural pro- 
ducts give but a slight idea of the immense magni- 
tude of the products of the soil of the United States. 
These products were raised on a little more than 
one-half of the farm-lands of the country ; for of the 
536,081,835 acres in farms, only 284,771,042 acres are 
improved, leaving 251,310,793 acres unimproved. 

The soil of the country is not only capable of sup- 
porting the more than fifty millions of our present 
population, but millions yet to be born, and the 
hundreds of thousands that annually arrive on our 
shores from foreign countries. 

The immense increase of our agricultural products 
indicates a prosperous future if we wisely use our re- 
sources. 

OUR RESOURCES FROM MANUFACTURES, ETC. 

. The manufacturing and mechanical industries have 
kept pace with the increase in agricultural products. 
Willi the numerous inventions and improvements in 
machinery, the.increasing facilities in the production 
of raw materials, we are almost able to compete for 
the trade in the markets of the world, and defy com- 
petition. By the Census Report there were 253,852 
establishments engaged in manufacturing and me- 
chanical industries, each producing $500 worth of pro- 
ducts, or more, during the census year. The capital 
invested, $2,790,272,606; employing 2,019,036 males, 
531,639 females over sixteen years of age, and 181,921 
persons under sixteen years, or a total of 2,732,596 



12 TOE RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 

persons ; paid for wages, $947,953,795 ; the value of 
materials used, $3,396,823,549 ; and the value of pro- 
ducts, $5,389,579,191. 

To appreciate the increase and importance of our 
mechanical and manufacturing industries is but to 
call to mind that a century ago not a factory ex- 
isted, and the little manufacturing of the Country 
was performed by hand and of the very coarsest 
kind, and that we depended upon the old countries 
of Europe for most of the necessaries of life, while 
many comforts enjoyed by the laboring classes to- 
day were almost, if not entirety, unknown to the 
most wealthy citizens. The growth of our manufac- 
tures and mechanical industries is seen in the fact 
that our products find a market in some of the 
oldest manufacturing countries on the other side of 
the Atlantic. 

The table on the following page shows some of 
our chief manufacturing industries in 1880, and the 
value of the same kind of manufactures in 1870. 

OUR RESOURCES FROM TRADE AND COMMERCE. 

While our agricultural, mechanical, and manu- 
facturing industries have increased, , our trade and 
commerce with foreign countries have been greatly 
augmented. 

In 1790 the population of the United States 
was nearly 4,000,000 ; the value of imports was 
$23,000,000, and exports $19,660,000. 

In 1800 the population was 5,500,000, and in 1880 
over 50,000,000, or nine times greater. In eighty 
years, while our population has increased nine 
times, our exports have increased twenty-seven- 



THE RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



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14 THE EESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 

fold and our imports thirty-three-fold. From 1830 
to 1880, fifty years, while the population has in- 
creased about fourfold, our imports of merchandise 
have increased more than tenfold, and our exports 
of domestic products have increased more than 
twelvefold. During the last twenty years, or since 
1860, our domestic exports have more than doubled ; 
indeed, they have nearly doubled their value since 
1870. In 1870 our exports were $392,771,768, and 
imports $435,958,408; while in 1880 the imports 
were $667,954,746, and exports $835,638,658. Im- 
ports were $11 04 per capita in 1870, and $13 31 in 
1880. 

OUR RESOURCES FROM RAILROADS. 

It appears almost incredible that our resources 
should have reached the vast sum of $580,450,594 
as the net earnings annually of the 86,782 miles of 
railroads in operation in 1880, when we consider that 
fifty years ago only twenty-three miles of railroads 
existed in this country.* 

By the Census Report, 1880, the 86,782 miles of 
railroads then in operation employed 418,957 hands, 
and pay-rolls amounted to $195,350,013, and that 
the balance of their earnings had been expended 
for materials, equipments, buildings, etc., all of 
which may be accounted as a labor value. 

Whatever evils may arise from what is called 
railroad monopoly, etc., the advantages are yet on 
the side of the people at large. The eafhings of 
the railroads are very small compared with the ad- 
vantages derived by all classes in the transporta- 
tion of persons and goods, and the bringing of the 

* See Compend. Census Report, 1880, Part II. pp. 1261 and 1266. 



THE RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



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16 THE RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 

most distant cities near ; and products that would 
otherwise be worthless have by our railroad sys- 
tems become the chief contributors to our com- 
merce, manufactures, and trade. 

OUR RESOURCES FROM MINES, QUARRIES, ETC. 

The value of the output of precious metals, non- 
precious metals, quarries, etc., in 1880 was $236,- 
632,335. . 

These figures give but a faint idea of the impor- 
tance of our mines and their productions, as all 
our manufacturing and mechanical industries, etc., 
depend upon the plentiful supply of coal for steam- 
engines and other purposes, as well as for iron and 
other ores to supply materials for our numerous 
mechanical industries. Indeed, the importance of 
our mineral products cannot be exaggerated, for all 
our great industries depend for their successful ope- 
ration upon our mineral productions. 

The value of our mineral products in 18S0 was 
as follows : * 

The value of precious metals — gold and silver, . . $74,490,620 

The value of coal, . * 95,716,851 

The value of iron ore, .. 23,156,057 

The value of copper, zinc, lead, and minor metals, . 25,021,024 

The value of products of quarries, .... 18,356,055 

Total value of mineral products, .... $236,741,507 
Total value of petroleum, coal-oil, etc., . . 43,705,218 

Total value, $280,446,725 

OUR RESOURCES FROM FISHERIES, 1880. f 

The fisheries of the United States, in relation to 
food-supply and as a source of remunerative em- 
ployment, can hardly be too highly estimated. A 
great advantage from this source of wealth is that 

* Compend. Census Report, 1880, Part II., pp. 1231, 1238, i246, 1253. t Ibid. p. 1402. 



THE RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 17 

no expense or preparatory labor is needed ; tlie 
harvest of fish has only to be gathered and pre- 
served. The fishery-grounds are much more profi- 
table, and produce more food-products, than the 
same extent of the richest land in the United States. 
The following statistics show the extent and value 
of the State of Maine fisheries : 

Persons employed, 12,662 

Capital invested, . . ., . . . $8 434,302 

Pounds of fish as it comes from the water, . . . 206,778,693 

Pounds of fish as it comes in a marketable condition, . 119,916,228 

Value of fish to consumer, . . . . . . $6,750,000 

Added to the 12,662 persons employed in fisheries 
2,500 are estimated to be" employed in connection 
with the business, or 15,000 directly and indirect- 
ly employed in the fishing business in Maine. 

In 1880, by the Census Report, 131,426 persons 
were employed in the fisheries of the United States, 
and the value of the product was $43,046,053. 

OUR RESOURCES FROM NAVIGATION. 

By the Census Report, 1880, the steam-craft of the 
merchant service was as follows : * 



Number of steamers, 

Value of steamers, . * 

Capital invested, 

Crews or persons employed, 

Gross earnings, . 

Paid for services, 

Coal and other fuel used, j ^^ 



5,139 

$80,192,495 

$112,005,600 

56,811" 

$85,091,067 

$25,982,803 

3,827,993 tons 

794,779 cords 



To the above 5,139 steamers in the merchant ser- 
vice must be added 264 steamers belonging to the 
United States; a total of 5,403 steamers of 1,359,322 
tonnage will represent the steam navigation of the 
United States. 

* Compend, Census Report, 1880, Part n., pp. 1268-69. 



18 THE BESOUKCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 

If we add 38, 656 other crafts in the merchant ser- 
vice, of 6,487,309 tons, 312 crafts of 167,687 tons, 
property of the United States Government, the grand 
total of marine service of the country will be 38,968 
crafts; tonnage, 6,654,997 tons; and the value of 
those not owned by the United States, $155,784,709. 

TOTAL VALUE OF SOME OF THE CHIEF RESOUKCES 
OF THE UKITED STATES. 

The income of the United States in 1880 from some 
of the chief resources was as follows : 

From farm products, $2,213,402,564 

From mechanical and manufacturing industries, . . 5,369,579,191 

From railroads, . 580,450,594 

From mining industries, 236,761,507 

From fisheries, 43,046,053 

From steam-crafts and sailing-vessels, .... 85,091,067 

THE TOTAL VALUE OF PEESOKAL AND EEAL ESTATE. 

The Census Report of 1880 estimates the true value 
of personal property and real estate in the United 
States to be $43, 642,000,000. 

The assessed value of personal and real estate was 
as follows : 

Keal estate, $13,036,766,925 

Personal property, ■ . . 3,866,226,618 

Total assessed value of real and personal property, $16,902,993,543 
In 1870 the assessed value of real estate and personal 

property was ........ 14,178,986,732 

Increased valuation from 1870 to 1880, . . . $2,724,006,811 

It must be remembered that the valuation in 1870 
was currency, on which there was a discount for 
gold of 25 per cent., or one-fourth ; hence in gold 
the valuation was one-fifth less, or $11,343,189,386, 
which will give as the true increase in gold value of 
assessed personal and real estate from 1870 to 1880, 



THE RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 19 

the sum of $5,559,804,157, or an increase of nearly 
one-half of the assessed value in 1870. 

THE TRUE VALUE OF REAL AND PERSONAL ESTATE.* 

u The aggregate sum of the wealth of the United 
States June 1, 1880, was approximately" as fol- 
lows : 



, $10,197,000,000 



The value of farms, . . 

Residences, business, real estate, including water-power, . . . 9,881,000,000 

Railroads and equipments, 5,536,000,000 

Telegraphs, shipping, and canals, . . , . . . . . 419,000,000 

Live stock, whether on or off farms, fools, machinery, etc., . . . 2,406,000,000 
Household furniture, paintings, books, clothing, jewelry, household 

supplies of food, fuel, etc., . . . ... . . . 5,000,000,000 

Mines (including petroleum-wells), quarries, together with half of an- 
nual product, reckoned as the average supply in the hands of pro- 
ducers or dealers, 781,000,000 

Three-quarters of the annual product of agriculture and manufactures, 
and of the annual importation of foreign goods, assumed to be the 
average supply in the hands of producers and dealers, . . . 6,160,000,000 
Churches, schools, asylums, public buildings of all kinds, and other real 

estate exempt from taxation, '. 2,000.000.000 

Specie, 612.000,000 

Miscellaneous items, including tools of mechanics, 650,000,000 



Total estimated value, . . . $43,642,000,00 J 

THE RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES OF THE UNITED 
STATES GOVERNMENT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR END- 
ING JUNE 30, 1883. 

receipts . 

From customs, $214,706,496 93 

" internal revenue, 144,720,368 98 

" sale of public lands, 7,955,864 42 

" tax on circulation and deposits in national banks, 9,111,008 85 

" profits on coinages, bullion deposits, and assays, 4,460,205 17 

44 other sources, 17,332,637 60 

Total receipts, . $398,286,581 95 

EXPENDITURES. 

For civil expenses, $22,343,285 76 

" foreign intercourse, 2,419,275 24 

" Indians, 7,362.590 34 

" pensions, ..." 66,012,573 64 

" militarv establishments, etc., 48,911,382 93 

" naval establishments, etc., 15,283,437 17 

" miscellaneous expenditures, ..... 40,098,432 73 

" expenses on account of District of Columbia, . 3,817,028 48 

" interest on public debt, 59,160,131 25 



Total expenditures, $265,408,137 54 

Leaving surplus revenue, $132,878,444 41 

Cash balance in Treasury, 1,299,312 55 

Total balance was applied as given in report of Treasurer 

(see report 1883), $134,177,756 96 

* Tenth Census Report, 1880 (complete), vol. vii. p. 11. 



20 THE EESOUECES OF THE TOTTED STATES. 

We cannot consider the vast and rapidly increas- 
ing resources of the United States, presented in the 
foregoing pages, without being impressed with the 
natural advantages of the soil and diversity of cli- 
mate, as well as the almost marvellous development 
of the natural resources, and the immense produc- 
tion and the accumulation of wealth within the last 
decade, besides the steadily increasing national power 
and influence. With all these advantages our popu- 
lation should be the most prosperous and happy on 
the face of the globe. 

But, alas ! though our people are surrounded by 
these advantages, we are compelled to witness a vast 
amount of distress, destitution, and pauperism, and 
thousands of our people are without work and with- 
out bread and the commonest necessaries of life. 
Why is it i It ought not to be so. It need not be. 
We will endeavor to find a solution and discover 
the cause, that we may apply the remedy. 



CHAPTER II. 

THE QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DEINKS 
IN THE UNITED STATES. 

Numerous and almost insurmountable difficulties 
are met at every step in the investigation of the 
quantity and cost of intoxicating drinks. Not only 
are great labor and research required, but the many 
frauds upon the revenue of the government increase 
the difficulty of obtaining exact records. At the 
best we can only approximate the amount of liquors 
consumed and their cost. 

The figures we shall give will be within the truth, 
and no statement will be made that is in the least 
doubtful, as the cause of truth and humanity will 
be better served by under-statements than by exag- 
geration. 

THE QUANTITY AND COST OF LIQUORS, 1870-1-2. 

The spirits reported by the Internal Revenue De- 
partment for 1870 were 72,425,353 gallons proof. * 
The above 72,425,353 gallons are proof -spirits and 
contain fifty per cent, of alcohol, but after being 
rectified and dealt out to the consumers contain, on 
an average, not over forty per cent, of alcohol, or ten 
below proof, which will increase the above 7,500,000. 
So that, in estimating the spirits consumed, we have 
made the above allowance, f 

*' See " Our Wasted Resources," pp. 41, 42, 43. t See ibid. p. 46 and note. 

21 



22 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS. 

THE LIQUORS CONSUMED, AND COST, IN 1870-1-2. 
Year. Quantity. Cost to Consumers. 

1870, . . . . 272,530,107* $619,425,110 

1871, .... 302,409,593* 680,036,042 

1872, .... 337,288,060* 735,720,048 



Total, three years, . 912,227,766 $2,035,181,200 

Thus in the three years 1870-1-2 there were con- 
sumed 912,227,766 gallons of liquors, costing more 
than two thousand million dollars. 

THE QUANTITY AND COST OF LIQUORS, 1873. 

During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1873, the 
7,504 distilleries operated produced 71,151,367 
gallons of proof-spirits, and the tax was paid for 
63,061,002 gallons which were withdrawn for con- 
sumption. 

The 3,554 breweries produced 8,910,823 barrels of 
fermented liquors for which the tax, $1 a barrel, was 
paid. 

QUANTITY AND COST OF LIQUORS, DOMESTIC AND IMPORTED, CONSUMED 

IN 1873. 

Cost to 
Quantity. Consumers. 

Spirits (domestic), . 75,673,202 gals., at $6 a gal., . $454,039,212 

Ale, beer, etc. (domestic), 8,910,823 bbls., at $20 a bbl., . 178,216,460 
Spirits (foreign), . ; 2,126,650 gals., at $10 a gal., . 21,266,500 
Champagne, etc., bottles, 323,063 doz. bottles, estimated, 7,727,984 
Wines in casks, . . 9,318,720 gals., at $5 a gal., . 46,593,600 
Ale, beer, etc. (imported), 2,117,587 gals., at $3 a gal., . 6,352,761 

Total cost in 1873, $714,196,517 

THE QUANTITY AND COST OF LIQUOKS CONSUMED IN 

1874. 

By the Internal Revenue report for the fiscal 
year ending June 30, 1874, the 3,506 distilleries ope- 
rating during the year produced 69,572,065 gallons 
of proof -spirits, and 61,763,700 gallons were with- 

* See " Our Wasted Resources, " pp. 47, 48. 



QUAKTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS. 23 

drawn for consumption and tax paid ; and 2,524 brew- 
eries produced 8,880,829 barrels, and paid tax for 
the same. 

DOMESTIC AND IMPORTED LIQUORS CONSUMED IN 1874, WITH THEIR COST. 

Cost to 

Quantity. Consumers. 

Spirits (domestic), . . . 73,110,240 gallons,* at $6, . . . $438,697,440- 

Ale, beer, etc. (domestic), . . 8,880,820 barrels,* at |20, . . . 177,610,580 

Spirits, cordials, etc. (imported), 1,958,523 gallons,! at $10, . . . 19,585,280 

Champagne (imported), . . 281,408 doz. bottles, t estimated cost, 7,007,770 

Wines (otlier), imported, . . 9,021,225 gallons, t at $5 a gallon, . 45.108,125 

Ale, beer, etc. (imported), . . 2,001,084 gallons,! at $3, . . . 6,003,252 

Total cost, 1874, $694,016,447 

By comparing the drink-bill of 1873 with that of 
1874 it will be seen that the drink-bill of 1874 was 
$20,000,000 less than in 1873. Why this decrease 
with an increase of population 1 A partial, if not a 
complete, answer was given by Mr. Louis Schade, 
editor of the Washington Sentinel, and agent of the 
National Brewers' Association at Washington, D. C. 
Addressing the Brewers' Congress at Cincinnati, 
June, 1875, Mr. Schade said : X "Yery severe is the 
injury which the brewers have received in the so- 
called temperance States. The local-option law of 
Pennsylvania reduced the number of breweries in 
that State from 500 in 1873 to 346 in 1874, thus de- 
stroying 154 breweries in one year. In Michigan it 
is even worse, for of 202 breweries in 1873 only 68 
remained in 1874. In Ohio the crusaders destroyed 
68 out of 296. In Indiana the Baxter law stopped 
66 out of 158. In Maryland the breweries were re- 
duced from 74 to 15, some few of those stopped ly- 
ing in those counties in which they have the local- 
option law. There is no doubt that the agitation 
and prohibitory laws are the chief cause of the de- 

* See Internal Revenue Report, 1874, p. v. 

t Report Commerce and Navigation, 1874. pp- 678-680. 

X See Report of the Brewers' Congress held in Cincinnati, 1875. 



24 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DKINKS. 

crease compared to the preceding year. Had our 
friends in Massachusetts been free to carry on their 
business, and had not the State authorities con- 
stantly interfered with the matter, there is no doubt 
that, instead of showing a decrease of 116,583 barrels 
in one year, they would have increased at the same 
rate as they did the preceding years. While there 
is not one State where there has not been a decrease 
in the number of breweries, there is at least one 
Territory that has held its own, and that is Utah, 
which retains its twenty-nine breweries. It seems 
these Mormons, after all, are not as bad as we usu- 
ally make them." 

Verily, prohibition increases drinking and drunk- 
enness ! Does not Mr. Schade clearly show that pko- 

HIBITION does PEOHIBIT ? 

THE QUANTITY AND COST OF LIQUOKS, 1875. 

During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1875, there 
were produced in 4,608 distilleries 60,930,425 gal- 
lons of spirits, and the following proof-spirits were 
withdrawn from bond and entered for consumption, 
viz. : * 

Gallons. 
Spirits paying tax of 70 cts. a gallon, . . . 53,751,351 
Spirits paying tax of 90 cts. a gallon, . . . 8,829,647 

Total withdrawn from bond, . . . . 62,580,998 

The 2,783 breweries produced 8,743,744 barrels on 
which the tax of $1 a barrel was paid — a decrease of 
137,085 barrels from 1874. 

There were imported and entered for consumption 
1,694,590 gallons of spirits and cordials in casks, and 
94,513 dozens in bottles ; 6,384,544 gallons of wine in 

* Internal Revenue Report, 1875, pp. xix., xxxiv. 



QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DEINKS. 25 

casks, and 394,690 dozens in bottles; and 2,165,709 
gallons of ale, beer, porter, etc. 
The drink-bill for 1875 was not less than as follows : 

Cost to 
Quantity. Consumers. 

Domestic spirits, . . . . . . 75,086,397 gals., at $6 a gal., $450,518,382 

Domestic ale, beer, etc. (8,743,744 bbls.), . 271,056,064 gals., at $20 a bbl., 174,874,880 

Imported spirits and cordials,* . . . 1,694,590 gals., at $10 a gal., 16,945,900 

Imported wine in casks, .... 6,384,544 gals., at $5 a gal., 31,922,720 

Imported ale, beer, etc., .... 2,165,709 gals., at $3 a gal., 6,497,127 

Imported wine, in bot., 394,690 doz., 8,724,963 

Imported spirits, etc., in bot. 94,513 doz., 1,427,856 

Total, . . . . 489,203 doz., 356,387,304 gals., costing $690,911,828 

THE QUANTITY AND COST OF LIQUOBS CONSUMED IN 

1876. 

By the Internal Revenue report for the fiscal year 
ending June 30, 1876, the 2,918 distilleries operated 
produced 57, 959, 647 f gallons of proof -spirits ; and the 
following was withdrawn and the tax paid : 

Gallons. 
Spirits withdrawn at 70 cts. a gallon, . . . 3,946,274 
Spirits withdrawn at 90 cts. a gallon, . . . 53,043,115 

Total paying tax, . ..... 56,989,389 

The 3,293 breweries produced 9,159,675 barrels on 
which the tax was paid, being an increase of 415,931 
barrels over 1875. Besides these domestic liquors 
there were imported and entered for consumption the 
liquors as given below. 

The nation's drink-bill for 1876 was not less than 
as follows : 

Cost to 

Quantity. Consumers. 

Domestic spirits, 68,387,266 gals., at $6 a gal., $410,326,596 

Domestic ale, beer, etc. (9,159,675 bbls.), . 283,950,925 gals., at $20 a bbl., 183.193,500 

Imported spirits and cordials,^ • • • 1,464,755 gals., at $10 a gal., 14,647,550 

Imported wines in cask, .... 4,431,899 gals., at $5 a gal., 22,159,495 

Imported ale, beer, etc., .... 1,483,920 gals., at $3 a gal., 4,451,760 

Imported champagne in bot., 219,106 doz., estimated cost, 5,535,542 

Imported other wines in bot., 157,126 doz., estimated cost, 1,408,744 



Total, .... 370,232 doz., 359,718,765 gals., costing $641,723,187 

* Eeport Commerce and Navigation, 1876,- pp. 834r-6. 

t Internal Revenue Report, 1876, pp. v., xii. 

% Report Commerce and Navigation, 1876, pp. 506, 550. 



26 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS. 



TABLE 

Compendium of the Liquor- Business in 



a 


i 


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Ph 

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s'^IU 


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£3.2^8 


g c3 ac fc 


& 


£ 


fc 


(ZJ 


.fc 


£ 


(i) 


(2) 


(3) 


(4) 


(5) 


(6) 


69 


4 

1 
6 


66 


3 


1,890 


5 




20 




167 




10 


1 


37 


20 


106 


1 


190 


202 


312 


30 


7,898 


136 




27 


39 


13 


879 


24 


75 


27 


68 


19 


2,503 


104 




7 


6 




179 


4 


39 


2 


8 


2 


428 




419 


15 


37 


2 


1,075 


8 


1 




15 


19 


571 


2 


419 


2 


100 


9 


2,827 


25 


1 


9 


12 




273 


2 


107 


165 


244 


19 


10,667 


207 


122 


109 


111 


23 


5,286 


* 96 


17 


141 


108 


8 


3,755 


409 


7 


47 


33 




1,245 


53 


803 


36 


260 , 


96 


4,011 


145 


2 


15 


184 


58 


3,380 


4 




JO 


11 


5 


761 


76 


45 


76 


182 


20 


3,985 


32 


34 


47 


261 


106 


8,253 


652 


1 


199 


90 


28 


5,680 


218 




105 


34 


18 


2,132 


85 


5 




50 


19 


1,645 


36 


131 


113 


245 


3 


5,811 


64 




25 


33 




404 


8 


1 


27 


15 


2 


764 


23 




41 


40 


23 


954 


10 


1 


6 


13 


18 


1,283 


70 


163 


92 


. 59 


38 


5,820 


569 


3 


9 


33 




494 


4 


89 


393 


916 


99 


25,921 


2,225 


640 




40 


38 


2,362 


9 


120 


2i6 


413 


30 


13,727 


362 


3 


26 


22 




696 


34 


153 


235 


552 


42- 


15,719 


630 




6 


36 


4 


994 


217 


85 


2 


45 


5 


1,363 


9 


412 


2 


153 


23 


3,054 


31 


36 


44 


189 


27 


3,449 


20 




18 


18 


3 


335 


49 


4 


2 


2 


5 


484 


63 


682 


9 


74 


10 


3,208 


11 


1 


14 


9 


1 


239 


28 


130 


15 


23 




699 


23 


11 


232 


93 


3 


4,852 


93 




9 


12 


2 


204 




4,680 


2,783 


5,348 


644 


163,453 


7,081 



Alabama 

Alaska 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Dakota 

Delaware 

District of Columbia, 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New Mexico 

New York 

North Carolina 

Ohio 

Oregon , 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia , 

Washington 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

United States. 



* See Internal Revenue Report for 1875. 

To illustrate Table III. It will be seen, by referring to the columns for New York, 

wholesale dealers in liquors, 99 wholesale dealers in malt liquors, and a total of 28,146 

were $129,605,000, and retail malt-liquor dealers $6,675,000, and the total aggregate of 

male citizens, and one for every 156 persons, by the census of 1870. The same kind of 



QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING D KINKS. 27 



III. 

the United States for the year 1875. 





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(9) 


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-2 
3 


1,895 


§9,450,000 


$15,000 


89,465,000 


106 


525 


* " 167 


' '835,666 




' 835,666 


"26 


"57 


4 


107 


530,000 


3,666 


533:000 


93 


4,527 


5 


8,034 


39,490,000 


408,000 


39,898.000 


18 


69 


6 


903 


4,395,000 


72,000 


4,467,000 


17 


44 


7 


2,607 


12,515,000 


312,000 


12,827,000 


48 


206 


8 


183 


895,000 


12,000 


907.000 


28 


77 


9 


428 


2,140,000 




2,140;000 


65 


292 


10 


1,083 


5.375,000 


24.000 


5,399,000 


29 


121 


11 


573 


2.855,000 


6,000 


2,861,000 


67 


327 


12 


2,852 


L410.000 


75,000 


1,485,000 


82 


411 


13 


275 


i;365,000 


6,000 


1,3W,000 


20 


54 


14 


10,874 


53:335,000 


621,000 


53,956,000 


49 


23 


15 


5,382 


26,430,000 


288.000 


26:716.000 


70 


312 


16 


4,164 


18.775,000 


1,227,000 


20,002,000 


61 


286 


^7 


1,298 


6:225,000 


159.000 


6.381.000 


76 


280 


Is 


4,156 


20,055.000 


435:000 


2o;49o:ooo 


67 


317 


19 


3,3&4 


16,900;000 


i2;ooo 


16.912:000 


46 


211 


20 


837 


3,850,000 


228.000 


4;078.000 


182 


74 


21 


4,017 


19,925,000 


96:000 


20,02i;000 


42 


194 


22 


8,905 


41,265,000 


1,956,000 


43.221.000 


35 


163 


23 


5,898 


28,400,000 


654,000 


29.054:000 


46 


200 


24 


2.217 


10,660,000 


255,000 


10,915:000 


33 


198 


25 


1,681 


8.225,000 


108,000 


8,333:000 


100 


433 


26 


5,875 


29;055,000 


192,000 


29:247:000 


64 


292 


27 


412 


2,020,000 


24,000 


2,044:000 


27 


49 


28 


787 


3,820.000 


69,000 


3.889:000 


45 


156 


29 


964 


4*770,000 


30.000 


4,800,000 


19 


44 


30 


1.353 


6,415;000 


210,000 


6.625.000 


61 


235 


31 


6,389 


29,100.000 


1,707,000 


3o;807:ooo 


30 


141 


32 


498 


2,470,000 


12.000 


2,482.000 


45 


184 


as 


28,146 


129,605,000 


6,675,000 


136,280.000 


34 


156 


34 


2,371 


11,810,000 


27.000 


11.837:000 


90 


409 


35 


14,088 


68,635,000 


1,086;000 


69,721 ;000 


42 


189 


36 


730 


3.480,000 


102,000 


3,582:000 


33 


124 


37 


16,349 


78:595,000 


1,890,000 


80,485;000 


47 


215 


38 


1,211 


4,970,000 


651:000 


5.621.000 


36 


179 


39 


1,372 


6.815.000 


27:000 


6,842.000 


106 


514 


40 


3;085 


15;270;000 


93:000 


15;363,000 


83 


407 


41 


3,469 


17,245,000 


60,000 


17.305,000 


48 


235 


42 


384 


1,675,000 


147,000 


1,822.000 


26 


226 


43 


547 


2,420,000 


189.000 


2,609,000 


136 


604 


44 


3.219 


16,040,000' 


33,000 


16,073,000 


82 


380 


45 


267 


1,195,000 


84,000 


1,279,000 


29 


98 


46 


722 


3,495.000 


69.000 


3.564.000 


125 


610 


47 


4,945 


24,260:000 


279,000 


24.539,000 


41 


213 


48 


204 


1,020,000 




1,020,000 


25 


44 
226 


170,534 


8817,265,000 


$21,243,000 


$838,508,000 " 


49 



that in 1875 there were in operation 89 distilleries and 393 breweries ; there were 916 
retailers of malt and other liquors ; that the aggregate sales of retail liquor-dealers 
both classes of retailers $136,280,000 ; that there was one retailer of liquors to 34 adult 
facts can be found in the table for every State and Territory, and for the United States. 



28 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS. 

THE QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS 

FOR 1877. 

During the fiscal year 1877, by the Internal Reve- 
nue report, there were 4,510 distilleries, which pro- 
duced 59,912,268 gallons of proof -spirits ; and spirits 
withdrawn from bond and paid tax as follows : * 

Gallons. 
Spirits, proof -gallons, paying 70 cts. a gallon, . 10,041 

Spirits, proof -gallons, paying 90 cts. a gallon, . 56,838,484 

Total withdrawn from bond, . . . 56,848,525 

The 2,758 breweries produced 9,074,305 barrels of 
ale, beer, etc. — a decrease on 1876 of 85,370 barrels. 
During the year there were imported the spirits, 
wines, ale, beer, etc., to be hereafter mentioned. 

The drink-bill of the United States in 1877 was not 
less than as follows : cost to 

Quantity. Consumers. 

Domestic spirits, 68,218,230 gals., at $6 a gal., $409,309,380 

Domestic ale, beer, etc. (9,074,305 bbls.), 281,303.455 gals., at $20 a bbl., 181,486,100 

Imported spirits . 1,376,210 gals., at $10 a gal., 13,762,100 

Imported wines in casks, . ' . . . 4,265,409 gals., at $5 a gal., 21,327,045 

Imported ale, beer, etc., .... 1,218,679 gals., at $3 a gal., 3,218,037 
Imported champagne, etc., in 

bot., 192,264 doz., estimated cost, 4,907,868 

Imported wines in bot., . 153,084 doz., estimated cost, 1,603,004 

Total, .... 345,348 doz., 356,381,983 gals., costing $635,613,534 

THE QUANTITY AND COST OF LIQUOES CONSUMED IN 

1878. 

The Internal Revenue Department report that in 
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1878, the 5,652 distil- 
leries operated produced 56,103,053 gallons, f and that 
the tax was paid on 49,573,639 proof -gallons and en- 
tered for consumption. 

The 2,830 breweries produced 9,473,360 barrels* of 
ale, beer, etc., or an increase of 399,054 barrels over 
the previous year. 

* Internal Reyenue Report, 1877, pp. v., x. 

+ Internal Revenue Report, 1878, pp. xxi.», xxix., lii. 



QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DEINKS. 29 

There were imported and entered for consumption 
in 1878 the liquors specified below.* 

The drink-bill of the United States in 1878 was not 
less than as follows : 

Cost to 
Quantity. Consumers. 

Domestic spirits, 59,488,366 gals., at $6 a gal., $356,930,196 

Domestic ale, beer, etc. (9,473.360 bbls.), 293.674,160 gals., at$20abbl., 189,467,200 
Imported spirits and cordials, . . . 1,226,203 gals., at $10 a gal., 12,262,030 
Imported still wines in casks, . . . 3,653.726 gals., at $5 a gal., 18,268,630 
Imported ale, beer, etc., . ... . - 832,754 gals., at $3 a gal., 2,498,262 
Imported champagne in bot., 182,937 doz., estimated cost, 4,674,382 

Imported still t wines in bot., 155,939 doz., estimated cost, 1,683,062 

Total, .... 338,876 doz'., 358,875,209 gals., costing $585,783,762 



THE QUANTITY AND COST OF LIQUOKS CONSUMED IN 

1879. 

There were produced by the 5,346 distilleries ope- 
rated in the year 1879 71,892,621 proof -gallons of 
spirits, and withdrawn from bond and entered for 
consumption 51,892,714 proof -gallons, to which 20 per 
cent, may be added for dilutions* by rectifiers and 
dealers, making 62,271,256 gallons of 40 per cent, 
alcohol. X The 2,719 breweries produced J 10,270,352 
barrels — an increase over 1878 of 798,992 barrels. 

The foreign liquors imported and entered for con- 
sumption were as given below. § 

The United States drink-bill in 1879 was not less 
than as follows : 

Cost to 
Quantity. Consumers. 

Domestic spirits, . . . . . . 62,271.256 gals., at $6 a pal., . $375,427,536 

Domestic ale, beer, etc. (10,270,352 bbls.), 318,380.912 gals., at $20 a bbl., . 205,407,040 

1.251,999 sals., at $10 a gal., . 12.519.990 

3,867,533 gals., at £5 a gal., . 19,337,665 

880,573 gals . at $3 a gal., . 2,641,719 

estimated cost, . 5,025.216 

estimated cost, . 1,716,764 



Imported spirits and cordials, etc., § 

Imported wines in casks, . 

Inn orted ale, beer, etc., 

Imported champagne in bot., 195.599 doz, 

Imported still wines in bot., 137,293 doz 



Total, . . . . 332,892 doz., 386,652,273 gals., costing . $620,075,930 

* Report Commerce and Navigation, 1878, pp. 549, 591-2. 

t Still wines, a term used to distinguish them from sparkling wines. 

X See Internal Revenue Report, 1879, pp. xxxv., lxxvi. 

§See Commerce and Navigation Report, 1879, pp. 601, 636. 



30 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DEINKS. 

TABLE IV. 

The Quantity and Cost of Drinks in United States during Ten Years. 



Year. 


Quantity. 


Gallons. 


Cost to Consumers. 




Dozen Bottles. 






1870 


....«,.» 


272,530,107 


$619,425,110 


1871 




302,409,593 


680,036,042 


1872 




337,288,066 


735,720,048 


1873 


323,063 


364,471,672 


714,196,517 


1874 


281,408 


361,402,776 


694,016,447 


1875 


489,203 


356,387,304 


690,911,828' 


1876 


370,232 


359,718,765 


641,723,187 


1877 


345,348 


356,381,983 


635,613,534 


1878 


338,876 


358,875,290 


585,783,762 


1879 


332,892 


386,652,273 


620,075,930 




2,481,022 


3,456,117,829 


$6,617,502,405 



The ten years' drink-bill of tlie United States, from 
1870 to 1879 inclusive, was over six thousand six 
hundred and seventeen million dollars ($6,617,502,- 
405). This sum is only about $17,000,000 less than 
the value in 1880 of all the manufacturing and me- 
chanical industries ($5,369,579,191); the value of all 
the non-precious minerals ($131,494,788) ; the value 
of all the precious minerals ($74,490,620); the an- 
nual income of all our railroads ($661,295,391), and 
all the receipts of the United States Government for 
the fiscal year eliding June 30, 1883 ($398,287,581). 

Can we wonder that all the legitimate business 
of the country is depressed when so much money 
is wasted, the labor value of the nation ? 

THE QUANTITY AND COST OF LIQUOES CONSUMED 

m 1880. 

During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1880, there 
were 4,661 distilleries operated, which produced 90,- 



QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DKINKS. 31 

355,270 proof -gallons of spirits. The tax of 90 cents 
a gallon was paid on 61,100,362 proof -gallons and 
entered for consumption ; if 20 per cent, be added 
for dilutions it will be 73,320,434 gallons of 40 
per cent, alcohol for drinking purposes. The 2,741 
breweries produced 12,346,077 barrels of 31 gallons 
on which the tax of $1 a barrel was paid and entered 
for consumption. Besides these domestic liquors 
there were imported and entered for consumption 
the foreign liquors given below. 

The drink-bill of the nation in 1880 was not less 
than the following: 

Cost to 
Quantity. Consumers. 



Domestic spirits, 73,320,434 gals., at $6 a gal., 

Domestic ale, beer, etc. (12,346,077 bbls.), 387,728,287 gals., at $20 a bbl., 
Imported spirits, cordials, etc., . . 1,393,814 gals., at $10 a gal., 



Imported still wines in casks, 
Imported ale, beer, etc., 
Imported champagne in bot., 629,902 doz. 
Imported still wines in bot., 197,103 doz. 

Total, .... 827,005 doz. 



4,110,633 gals., at $5 a gal. 

1,011,279 gals., at $3 a gal.; 
estimated cost, 
estimated cost, 



$439,922,604 

246,921,540 

13,938,140 

20,553,065 

3,033,837 

6,915,143 

2,532,166 



467,564,447 gals., costing . $733,816,495 



THE QUANTITY AND COST OF LIQUORS CONSUMED 

IN 1881. 

During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1881, there 
were 5,210 registered distilleries operated, which 
produced 117,728,150 proof -gallons of spirits ; there 
were withdrawn from bond 67,372,575 proof -gallons 
on which the tax was paid, and entered for consump- 
tion,* to which 20 per cent, must be added for dilu- 
tions before reaching the consumers, or 80,847,090 
gallons of 40 per cent, alcohol. The 2,474 breweries 
produced 13,237,700 barrels of 31 gallons of ale, beer, 
etc., on which the tax was paid, and entered for con- 
sumption. There were imported and entered for con- 

* Internal Revenue Report, 1881, pp. lv., Mi., 51. 



32 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DEINKS. 



sumption the foreign spirits, wines, etc., as given 
below. * 

The drink-bill of the United States in 1881 was not 
less than as follows : 



Domestic spirits, . . . ... 

Domestic ale, beer, etc. (13,237,700 bbls.), 
Imported spirits, cordials, etc., . 
Imported still wines in casks, . 
Imported ale, beer, etc., .... 

Imported champagne in bot., 329,731 doz., 
Imported still wines in bot., 158,184 doz., 



Quantity. 

80,847,090 gals., at $6 a gal., 

410,308,700 gals., at $20 a.bbl., 

1,478,964 gals., at $10 a gal., 

4,178,825 gals., at $5 a gal., 

1,164,505 gals., at $3 a gal., 

estimated cost, 

estimated cost, 



Cost to 
Consumers. 

$485,082,540 
264,754,000 
14,789,640 
20,894,125 
3,493,515 
8,529,306 
2,569,454 



Total, 



. 487,815 doz., 498,038,084 gals., costing . $800,112,580 



THE QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DEINKS 

in 1882. 

The 5,022 distilleries registered and operated in 
1882 produced 105,853,161 proof -gallons of spirits, 
and withdrawn from bond 70,730,180 f proof -gallons 
and entered for consumption, w^hich, after usual di- 
lutions, would make 84,876,216 gallons of 40 per 
cent, alcohol. The 2,557 breweries produced 15,680,- 
678 barrels f of fermented liquors, of 31 gallons, or 
2,442,977 barrels more than in 1881. There were im- 
ported and entered for consumption the foreign 
liquors as given below.J 

The nation's drink-bill in 1882 was not less than 
as follows : 



Quantity. 

Domestic spirits, 84,876,216 gals., at $6 a gal., 

Domestic ale, beer, etc. (15,680,678 bbls.), 486,101,018 gals., at $20 a bbl., 
Imported spiritSj cordials, etc., . . 1,379,635 gals., at $10 a gal., 

Imported still wines in casks, . . . 4,452,866 gals , at $5 a gal., 
Imported ale, beer, etc., .... 1,536,000 gals., at $3 a gal., 
Imported champagne in bot., 344,627 doz., estimated cost, 

Imported still wines in bot., 263,453 doz., estimated cost, 



Cost to 
Consumers. 

$509,257,296 

313,613,560 

13,796,350 

22,264,330 
4,609,800 
8,895,646 

3,228,302 



Total, . . . . 608,080 doz., 578,346,335 gals., costing .$875,665,344 

Table V. is a compendium of the liquor busi- 

* Commerce and Navigation Report, 1881, pp. 531, 567, 568. 

t Internal Revenue Report, 1882, pp. vii., liii., 38, 39, 43. 

$ Report of Commerce and Navigation, 1882, pp. 560, 565, 566. 



QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DBINKS. 33 

ness of the United States and the several States and 
Territories during the fiscal year ending June 30, 
1882. Column No. 1 shows the number of retail 
liquor-dealers paying 825 a year tax ; No. 2, number 
of retail malt-liquor dealers paying $20 a year tax ; 
No. 3, the aggregate number of taxed retail liquor 
and retail malt-liquor dealers ; No. 4, aggregate sales 
of retail liquor-dealers, at an average of $5,000 each 
annually ; No. 5, aggregate sales of retail malt-liquor 
dealers at an average of $3,000 each per annum; 
No. 6, estimated sales of all classes of retail dealers 
at the averages given ; No. 7, number of wholesale 
liquor-dealers ; No. 8, number of wholesale malt- 
liquor dealers ; No. 9, total wholesalers of both 
classes ; No. 10, number of persons to each taxed 
retail liquor establishment in No. 3 ; No. 11, num- 
ber of male adults to each taxed retail liquor estab- 
lishment in No. 3; No. 12, number of brewers; 
No. 13, number of barrels of fermented liquors pro- 
duced in each State in 1882 ; No. 14, number of rec- 
tifiers ; No. 15, number of proof-gallons of spirits 
rectified in each State in the year ending April 30, 
1882 ; No. 16, number of distilleries operated during 
1872 in each State. 

THE QUANTITY AND COST OF LIQUORS CONSUMED IN 

1883. 

During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1883, there 
were 187,871 retail liquor-dealers paying $25 a year 
tax; 4,647 wholesale liquor dealers paying $100 a 
year tax ; 7, 998 retail malt-liquor dealers paying $20 
tax a year ; and 2,582 wholesale malt-liquor dealers 
paying $50 a year tax. There were 5,283 registered 



34 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS. 



TABLE 



Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Dakota 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts. . . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire. 

New Jersey 

New Mexico 

New York 

North Carolina. . 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania.. . 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina.. 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia — 

Washington 

West Virginia... 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

United States.., 



2m 


.^ bo 


js3 


Ei 


-^ >i 


03 Jj 


C7 1 

% ad 


sed Retail Mai 
r Dealers pa 
per annum.* 


^gate Taxed R 
nor and Mai 
r Dealers. 


Sis 


flO© 

o 3 <m 


Sr?§ 


.gfip< 


o a<<=^ 


ta^C 


Hi 


H-3 


< 


(1) 


(2) 


(3) 


1,501 


12 


1,513 


830 


9 


839 


855 


8 


863 


9,373 


265 


9,638 


2,623 


57 


2,680 


2,604 


226 


2,830 


946 


18 


964 


562 


7 


569 


409 


45 


454 


2,151 


25 


2,176 


508 


2 


510 


11,094 


296 


11,390 


5,196 


129 


5,324 


4,104 


321 


4,425 


1,460 


52 


1,512 


4,208 


187 


4,395 


4,785 


14 


4,799 


918 


101 


1,019 


4,848 


123 


4,971 


6,913 


520 


7,433 


5,066 


308 


5,374 


2,898 


96 


2,994 


1,831 


87 


1,918 


6,950 


166 


7,116 


808 


16 


824 


990 


36 


1,026 


812 


16 


828 


950 


281 


1,231 


> 6,229 


416 


6,644 


1.289 


8 


1,297 


27,200 


2,297 


27,497 


1,556 


23 


1,579 


12,729 


319 


13,048 


983 


39 


1,012 


16,259 


756 


17,015 


1,344 


79 


1,423 


814 


23 


837 


1,933 


33 


1,966 


2,514 


298 


2,812 


386 


6 


392 


426 


50 


476 


2,228 


15 


2,243 


391 


56 


447 


786 


23 


809 


5,275 


14Q 


5,415 


235 


2 


237 


168,770 


8,006 


176,776 



^^ 5 2? 
bQ+? c3 o 



(4) 

$7,505,000 

4,150,000 

4,275,000 

46,865,000 

13,115,000 

13,020,000 

4,730,000 

2,810,000 

2,045,000 

10,755,000 

2,540,000 

55,470,000 

25,980,000 

20,520,000 

7,300,000 

21,040,000 

23,925,000 

4,590,000 

24,240,000 

34,565,000 

25,330,000 

14,490,000 

9,155,000 

34,750,000 

4,040,000 

4,950,000 

4,060,000 

4,750,000 

31,145,000 

6,445,000 

136,000,000 

7,780,000 

63,645,000 

4,915,000 

81,295,000 

6,720,000 

4,070,000 

9,665,000 

12,570,000 

1,930,000 

2,130,000 

11,140,000 

1,955,000 

3,930,000 

26,375,000 

1,175,000 



843,850,000 24,018,000 



org o d 
O (_, c3 o 

o_ o^g 

5jq-m o€© R 



(5) 
$36,000 

27,000 

24,000 
795,000 
171,000 
678,000 

54,000 

21,000 
135,000 

75,000 
6,000 
888,000 
387,000 
963,000 
156,000 
561,000 

42,000 
303,000 
369,000 
1,560,000 
924,000 
288,000 
261,000 
498,000 

48,000 

78,000 

48,000 

843,000 

1,248,000 

24.000 
6,891,000 

69,000 

957,000 

117,000 

2,268,000 

237,000 

69,000 

99,000 
894,000 

18,000 
150,000 

45,000 
168,000 

69,000 

420,000 

6,000 



c3 ' — ' 03 

, <£ m h 

o o > 

oO g 
-r* c^o 

^ 08 h! o3 



(6) 

$7,541,000 

4,177,000 

4,299,000 

47,660,000 

13,286,000 

13,698,000 

4,784,000 

2,831,000 

2,180,000 

10,830,000 

2,546,000 

56,358,000 

26,367,000 

21,483,000 

7,456,000 

21,601,000 

23,967,000 

4,893,000 

24,609,000 

36,125,000 

26,254,000 

14,778,000 

9,416,000 

35,248,000 

4,088,000 

5,028,000 

4,018,000 

5,593,000 

32,393,000 

6,469,000 

142,891,000 

7,849,000 

64,602,000 

5,032,000 

83,563,000 

6,957,000 

4,139,000 

9,764,000 

13,464,000 

1,948,000 

2,280,000 

11,185,000 

2,123,000 

3,999,000 

26,795,000 

1,181,000 



867,868,000 



* Internal Revenue Report, 1882, p. xxix. 



QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DKINKS. 35 





Q 
U 

o 
a* 
P 

1 

'o to 


8 



a* 

O <K 


Q to 

GO 


umber of Persons to 
each Taxed Retail Li- 
quor Establishment.t 


mber of Male Adults 
to each Taxed Retail 
Liquor Estab'ment.t 


+■}- 

t» 
a> 

1 

6 

6 


umber of Barrels of 
Fermented Liquors 
produced, 1882. 


u 

o> 

23 

~o 

O 

u 

a> 
& 

B 


umber of Proof-Gal- 
lons of Spirits Recti- 
fied during the year 
ending April 30, 1882. § 


CD 

<^>£ 

OrcS 
B P. 




H 


£ 


p 
fc 


& 


H 


£ 


ft 


K 




(7) 


(8) 


(9) 


* (10) 


(11) 


Am 


(13) 


(14) 


(15) 


(16) 


1 


49 


10 


59 


832 


172 






3 


108,466 


28 


2 


20 


10 


30 


48 


24 


'so 


3,743 


2 


"25,680 




3 


22 


6 


28 


939 


212 










*15 


4 


293 


28 


321 


92 


34 


241 


' 400,219 


92 


2,101.682 


239 


5 


116 


41 


157 


73 


35 


34 


80,891 


8 


119;051 




6 


45 


73 


118 


220 


63 


24 


98,204 


16 


191,773 


87 


7 


32 


12 


44 


140 


54 


22 


16,300 








8 


8 


5 


13 


258 


67 


6 


13,179 


"2 


39,144 


*82 


9 


8 


16 


24 


594 


135 










1 


10 


52 


17 


69 


709 


147 


" i 


4,493 


*i2 


' '444,408 


336 


11 


14 


2 


16 


64 


29 


17 


3,130 


1 


8,204 


1 


12 


250 


137 


387 


272 


69 


130 


972,803 


95 


5,749,481 


52 


13 


*n 


60 


131 


371 


94 


68 


306,462 


11 


175,004 


69 


14 


55 


54 


109 


367 


94 


123 


264,946 


7 


114,749 


9 


15 


16 


18 


34 


659 


176 


21 


22,460 


3 


11,370 


2 


16 


185 


32 


217 


373 


86 


34 


202,904 


53 


5,468,750 


688 


17 


181 


14 


195 


196 


45 


■ 10 


51,471 


26 


1,090,968 


1 


18 


8 


13 


21 


£36 


183 












19 


150 


39 


189 


188 


47 


'71 


' 321.970 


67 


3,879,954 


'32 


20 


179 


154 


333 


253 


68 


30 


773^98 


46 


1,799,372 


24 


21 


49 


90 


139 


808 


87 


134 


304,673 


12 


333,734 




22 


30 


25 


55 


265 


143 


116 


198,979 


14 


3,239,225 




23 


33 


15 


48 


589 


124 






1 




* i 


24 


236 


186 


422 


305 


76 


72 


' '943,382 


65 


3,994,909 


72 


25 


46 


11 


57 


47 


25 


24 


12,438 


1 


7,380 




26 


23 


25 


48 


441 


126 


29 


49,999 


2 


116,165 


"i 


27 


14 


2 


16 


75 


38 


41 


10,506 


2 


7,121 




28 


4 


37 


41 


282 


85 


5 


233,751 


1 


14,030 


"i 


29 


66 


99 


165, 


170 


47 


53 


749.394 


15 


154,368 


104 


30 


53 


16 


69 


93 


26 


6 


1,647 


1 




7 


31 


812 


355 


1,167 


185 


51 


349 


5,220,355 


204 


16,560,922 


98 


32 


35 


9 


44 


887 


187 


1 


20 


6 


68,109 


1,348 


33 


309 


138 


447 


245 


63 


177 


1,458,556 


107 


11,487,203 


92 


34 


31 


28 


59 


168 • 


57 


43 


23,781 


. 5 


687109 


"8 


35 


399 


217 


616 


252 


65 


328 


1,613,756 


206 


8,816,661 


126 


36 


37 


18 


55 


195 


. 55 


4 


65,401 


8 


35,169 




37 


22 


14 


36 


1,189 


246 


2 


9,166 


1 


20,500 


"28 


38' 


65 


13 


78. 


774 


168 


2 


8,773 


8 


277,117 


304 


39 


59 


74 


133 


566 


135 


23 


2,835 


8 


217,048 


4 


40 


16 


8 


24 


377 


83 


18 


16,719 


2 


20,718 




41 


1 


7 


8 


698 


201 










"8 


42 


46 


10 


56 


674 


149 


"k 


24,244 


"l2 


' 665,553 


1,024 


43 


15 


5 


20 


170 


62 


36 


13,142 








44 


9 


2 


11 


764 


172 


9 


44,659 


"6 


68,854 


i34 


45 


66 


39 


105 


243 


63 


214 


1,132,500 


26 


1,312,749 


5 


46 


11 


2 


13 


88 


43 


7 


4,922 








4,241 


2,186 


6,427 


283 


73 


2,557 


15,680,678 


1,157 


59,810,407 


5,022 



* Internal Revenue Report, 1882, p. xxix. 

t In preparing these columns all fractions under one-half are thrown off ; one-half 
or more, a unit is added. 

$ Internal Revenue Report, 1882, p. exxix. § Ibid. p. xlii. 



38 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DKINKS. 

distilleries, of which 5,129 were operated, consuming 
18,644,787 bushels of grain, etc., and 2,373,106 gal- 
lons of molasses.* From the grain were produced 
72,235,175 gallons of spirits ; from the molasses, 
1,778,133 gallons, or a total of 74,013,308 gallons of: 
proof -spirits and 64,940,966 gallons rectified. There 
were withdrawn from bond, and the tax paid for, 
75,441,111 gallons of proof -spirits,* and entered for 
consumption ; and this quantity, when reduced 20 
per cent., would make 90,529,333 gallons of 40 per 
cent, of alcohol, the full average strength of liquors 
sold to the consumers. 

There were 2,378 brewers who paid the special tax, 
and consumed 41,065,125 bushels * of malt, and pro- 
duced 16,426,050 barrels* of ale, beer, etc., on which 
they paid the tax of $1 a barrel of 31 gallons. Dur- 
ing the same period there were imported and entered 
for consumption the following : j- Spirits, cordials, 
etc., 1,676,069 gallons ; still wines, 6,901,551 gallons ; 
champagne, etc., 524,988 dozen bottles; other wines 
in bottles, 265,603 dozens; ale, beer, etc., 1,881,002 
gallons. 

The nation's drink-bill in 1883 was not less than as 
follows : 

Cost to 
Quantity. Consumers. 

Domestic spirits, 90,529,333 gals., at $6 a gal,, $543,175,998 

Domestic ale, beer, etc. (16,426,050 bbls.), 509,207,550 gals., at $20 a bbl., 328,521,000 

Imported spirits, cordials, etc., . . 1,676,069 gals., at $10 a gal., 16,760,000 

Imported still wines, 6,901,551 gals., at $5 a gal., 34,507,755 

Imported ale, beer, etc., . . . .' 1,881,002 gals., at $3 a gal., 5,643,006 

Imported champagne in bot,, 524,988 doz., estimated cost, 12,646,190 

Imported other wines in bot., 265,603 doz., estimated cost, 3,374,942 

Total, . . . 890,591 doz., 610,195,505 gals., costing $944,629,581 

Thus the nation's drink-bill in 1883 was nearly 
sixty-nine million dollars more than in 1882. 

* Internal Revenue Report, 1883. x 

+ Report of Commerce and Navigation, 1883. 



QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS. 37 

The nation's drink-bill from 1880 to 1883 inclusive : 



Year. 



Quantity. > Estimated cost, 



Dozens of bottles. Gallons. Dollars. 



1880, ... 827,005 462,564,447 733,816,495 

1881, . . . 487,815 498,038,084 800,112,580 
1382, . . . 608,080 578,346,335 875,665,344 
1883, . . . 890,591 610,195,505 944,629,581 



2,813,491 2,149,144,371 3,354,224,000 

FRAUDS ON THE GOVERNMENT, ETC. 

The quantity and cost of liquors given in the pre- 
ceding pages are based on the supposition that the 
liquors are sold to the consumers as when taken from 
the bonded warehouses, except a reduction of 20 per 
cent, of alcohol by rectifiers and wholesale or retail 
dealers to suit the various tastes of the consumers — 
that no other reductions and no adulterations take 
place. It is also assumed that there are no illicit 
manufacturers of liquors. It is a well-establish- 
ed fact that the liquors on which the tax is paid 
are not the only liquors sold ; for during the pre- 
vious ten or twelve years, and also before,* vast 
quantities of liquors have been annually sold on 
which no tax was paid. 

The following figures will show the number of illicit 
stills seized, persons arrested operating them, and 
casualties to officers and others in their efforts to 
suppress the illicit traffic during the five fiscal years 
1877 to 1881, and from June 30 to November, 1881. f 

June 30 

1877. 

Stills seized, 598 

Persons arrested, .... 1,174 

Officers and employees killed, . 12 

Officers and employees wounded, 8 

* See " Our Wasted Resources, '' pp. 51 to 57. 
t See Internal Revenue Report, 1881, p. xxii. 



1878. 


1879. 


1880. 


1881. 


to Nov. 
1381. 


Total. 


1,024 

1,976 
10 
17 


1,319 

2,924 

4 

22 


969 
1,031 

"*8 


756 

1,152 

1 

9 


103 
358 

1 


4,769 

8,615 

28 

64 



88 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING D KINKS. 

During those five years and four months 4,769 
stills were seized, 8,615 persons arrested for operat- 
ing those illicit stills, 28 persons were killed and 
64 wounded while in the discharge of their duty in 
the suppression of illicit distilling. This illicit busi- 
ness did 'not stop in 1881 ; for in the year 1882, 509 
stills were seized and 1,471 persons arrested for the 
same business, and 4 officers and others killed in their 
endeavor to stop it. 

No one will suppose that all the illicit spirits, ale, 
beer, etc., was captured, nor all the frauds on the 
Government detected, any more than all the bur- 
glars and counterfeiters are discovered when a few 
are caught plying their dishonest and fraudulent 
transactions. 

These frauds on the Government make it impos- 
sible to ascertain the actual amount of intoxicat- 
ing drinks annually consumed. While the Internal 
Revenue Department is our only guide of liquor 
manufactured, yet great allowance must be made 
in estimating the magnitude of the liquor-traffic from 
official figures. There is one thing certain, and that 
is this : that the liquors consumed are not less than 
the quantity upon which the tax is paid. 

In the absence of reliable official figures, it will 
be safe to estimate that, on an average, each of 
the retail liquor-dealers paying $25 a year tax will 
sell not less than $5,000 worth of liquors ; and each 
retail malt-liquor dealer will sell on an average not 
less than $3,000 worth annually; on these estimates 
columns No. 4 and No. 5 of Table V. are based. 

There are some of both classes of liquor- dealers 
who do not, perhaps, sell annually liquors to the 



QUANTITY A1STD COST OF INTOXICATING DEINKS. 39 

amount estimated, but there are thousands that sell 
much more to make up the deficiency. There are 
many places in Philadelphia that daily sell from 
$100 to $150 worth and more. A short time ago a 
person informed us that he had been employed at 
different times in two establishments in the vicinity 
of Fairmount Park, Philadelphia ; the sales of li- 
quors alone in one of them was $98 a day, and in 
the other $48 a day. Every one who knows anything 
of the liquor business, or has given any thought or 
examination to the subject, knows that the average 
sales of $5,000 a year for each retail liquor-dealer, 
and $3,000 for each retail malt-liquor dealer, is below 
their actual sales.* 

Tables VI. and VII. show the taxes received 
from intoxicating drinks since the establishment of 
the Internal Revenue Department of the national 
Government in 1862. It will be seen that during 
the last twenty years $841,073,975 87 have been re- 
ceived for tax on distilled spirits, and from fer- 
mented liquors $173,380,365 40, or a total of $1,014,- 
454,341 27. 

The tables also show the rate of tax in each fiscal 
year, and the quantity of distilled spirits and fer- 
mented liquors reported to the department. 

It will be seen that in the years when the rate of 
tax was the highest the least quantity of distilled 
spirits was reported It will be seen that in part 
of the year 1865, and in the years 1866, 1867, and 
1868, when the tax on spirits was $2 a gallon, less 
than 15,000,000 gallons were reported annually in 
1886, 1867, and in 1868 ; but when the tax was re- 

* For farther evidence see " Our Wasted Resources," pp. 55 to 57. 



40 



QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS. 



TABLE VI. 

Showing total Internal Revenue collected from Spirits, with the number of 
gallons, each fiscal year from September 1, 1862, to June 30, 1883, and 
the number of wholesale and retail liquor- dealers in each year. 



fcc 



0) a 

aor-a 
ft 



.8 8 a 

£ ■ "3 

1-2 I 

05 O S 



P^ 



1 o £ 



fcdDoD 

«1 









O 33 

as. 

as 

■SSS 






a 

El 



<1 



3£ 



1864 



1865 



1806 



1867 
1S68 



1839 

1870 

18' 

1872 

1873 

1874 

1875 

137 

1377 

1878 

1879 

1880 
1881 



1883 



I 



50 20 
20 
60 
20 
25 
50 
60 

1 50 

2 00 
50 

1 50 

2 00 

1 00 

2 00 

1 00 
2 

50 
60 

2 00 

'so 

50 
50 

50 
70 
70 

70 
90 

70 
00 
70 
90 
70 
90 
50 
70 
90 
70 
90 
70 
90 
70 
90 
90 



Dollars. 
3,229,990 79 
11,372,719 13 

17,059,078 70 

965,705 16 

7,565 41 

2,980 78 

2,897,115 50 

7,281,187 14 

4,853,153 00 

44,740 70 

238,759 14 

29,198,578 15 

13,069 56 

29,151,339 78 

158,885 62 

14,131,845 36 

18,787,891 70 

14,630,370 60 

265,366 11 

156,695 27 

39,245,099 04 

31,157,314 15 

33,117,788 99 

7,516,835 35 

35,614,229 43 

43,807,093 70 

38,868,838 76 

8,009,099 34 

2,873,264 48 

48,517,225 97 

62,159 09 

52,609,132 25 

25,328 53 

45,601,204 53 

15,502 27 

2,767 03 

47,691,194 94 

190 84 

55,918,928 34 

1,251 58 

62,212,875 98 

2 17 

64,778,754 80 

69,085,856 73 



Gallons. 
16,149,954 
56,863,595 
28,431,798 
4,828,525 
30,262 
5,961 v 
4,828,525 f 
4,854.125 
2,426,'576j 
89,481 / 
159,173 V 
14,599,289 
13,070 I 

14.575.670 j" 
158,886 ( 

7,065,923 j 

37,575,7831 

24,383,951 ! 

132,683 [ 

78,490,198 
62,314,628 
66,235,578 

15.033.671 ' 
50,877,470 f 
62,581,562 
55,528,912 ) 

8,898,999 f 

4,104,664 I 

53,908,029 j 

88,798 I 

58,454,591 1 

36,184 I 

50,668,005 f 



52, 

272 
62,132,143 f 
1,788 / 
69,125,418 j 

71,976,395 f 
76,762,063 



Dollars. 
3,229,990 79 

28,431,797 83 



16,007,706 99 

29,482,077 99 

29,164,409 34 
14,290,730 98 

33,735,323 68 

39,245,099 04 
31,157,314 15 

33,117,788 99 

43,131,064 78 
43,807,093 70 
46,877,938 10 

51,390,490 43 

52,671,291 34 

45,626,533 06 

47,709,464 24 

55,919,119 18 

62,214,127 56 

64,778,756 97 
69,085,856 73 



841,073,975 87 1,117,415,776 841,073,975 87 1,117,415,776 75.27 



Gallons. 
16,149,954 

85,295,393 



16,-973,974 

14,847,943 

14,588,740 
7,224,809 

62,092,417 

78,490,198 
62,314,628 
66,235,578 

65,911,141 

62,581,362 

64,425,911 

58,012,693 

58,543,389 

50,704,189 

53,025,175 

62,132,415 

69,127,206 

71,976,398 
76,762,063 



Dollars. 
20 

33.33 



94.31 



No. 
73,887 



1 98.56 

1 99.91 
1 97.81 

54.33 

50 
50 
50 

65.44 

70 
72.76 

88.58 

89.97 

89.89 

90 

90 

90 

90 
90 



112,289 

118,667 
129,716 

121,910 

146,059 
161,144 

200,656 

172,860 

164,425 

159,997* 

156,634* 

157,345* 

155,850* 

163,523* 
170,640* 

168,770 

187,871 



' * The years ending April 30. 



QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DPJNKS. 41 



TABLE VII. 

Showing the Internal Revenue collected on Fermented Liquors, together 
with the quantity in barrels and gallons of the same, with rate of 
tax during each fiscal year, from September 1, 1862, to June 30, 
1883. Also, tlie number of brewers and wholesale and retail malt- 
liquor dealers, etc., from 1873 to 1883. 





En 2 










o 
5.*- 


P 




Aggregate 
Collections at 


Aggregate quantities in 
barrels, and equivalents in 


S-i 


"3 J 2 


S« 








m i <d 


o , 


M - 




each rate. 


gallons, for each year. 




3^S 


i— i £+" 


c3 


8 MB 








6 <D 


gWP 






Per bbl. 


Dollars. 


Barrels. 


Gallons. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


1833 


($100 
1 60* 


885,271 88 
672,811 53 


!■ 2,006,626 


62,205,375 








1864 


j 60 
{ 100* 


1,376,491 12 
847,228 61 


j- 3,141,381 


97,382,811 









1865 


1 00 


3,657,181 06 


3,657,181 


113,372,611 








1866 


1 00 


5,115,140 49 


5,115,140 


158,569,340 








1867 


1 00 


5,819,345 49 


6,207,402 


192,429,462 








1868 


1 00 


5,685,663 70 


6,146,663 


190,546,553 








1869 


1 00 


5,866,400 98 


6,342,055 


196,603,705 








1870 


1 00 


6,081,520 54 


- 6,574,617 


203,813,127 








1871 


1 00 


7,159,740 20 


7,740:260 


239,948,060 


3*147 






1872 


1 00 


8,009,969 72 


8,659,427 


268,442,237 


3,421 






1873 


1 00 


8,910,823 83 


9,633,323 


298,633,013 


4,131 


'469 


5,473 


1874 


1 00 


8,880,829 68 


9,600,897 


297,627,807 


3,282 


627 


8,931 


1875 


1 00 


8,743,744 62 


9,452,697 


293,033,607 


2,783 


644 


7,081 


1876 


1 00 


9,159,675 95 


9,902,352 


306,972.912 


3,293 


696 


7,711 


1877 


1 00 


9,174,305 93 


9,810,060 


304,111,860 


2,758 


840 


7,964 


1878 


1 00 


9,473,360 70 


10,241,471 


317,485,601 


2,830 


1,185 


9,499 


1879 


1 00 


10,270,352 a3 


11,103,084 


344,195,604 


2,719 


1,284 


10,636 


1880 


1 00 


12,346,077 26 


13,347,111 


413,790,441 


2,741 


2,065 


11,610 


1881 


1 00 


13,237.700 63 


14,311,028 


443,641,868 


2,474 


2,034 


8,536 


1882 


1 00 


15,680^78 54 


16,952,085 


525,514,635 


2,371 


2,186 


8,006 


1883 


1 00 


16,426,050 11 


17,757,892 


550,494,652 


2,378 


2,582 


7,998 


173,380,365 40 


187,702,751 


5,818,785,281 



* The act of July 1, 1862, went into operation September, 1862. The act of March 
3, 1863, provided that the tax on fermented liquors should be 60 cents a barrel from the 
date of the passage of that act to April 1, 1864. Hence, the tax of 60 cents per barrel 
having expired by limitation April 1, 1864, the tax of $1 per barrel, under the act of 
July 1, 1862, was again revived, and has continued in force from and including that 
date. 

t The years ending April 30. 



42 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DEINKS. 

duced to 50 cents a gallon in 1869, 62,000,000 gal- 
lons were reported, clearly showing the extensive 
frauds upon the Government by the liquor-manu- 
facturers, and also the difficulty of ascertaining the 
exact quantity of intoxicating drinks produced and 
consumed. Commissioner of Internal Revenue Hon. 
Joseph J. Lewis, in his report for the year 1864, said : 
"We have yet no experience which enables us to 
form a satisfactory opinion how far the production 
of spirits may be influenced by increase of duty. 
The annual yield of our distilleries has been about 
100,000,000 gallons, of which full 94,000,000 are con- 
sumed at home." This confirms my estimate that not 
less than 100,000,000 gallons are annually consumed 
in the United States. 



CHAPTER III. 



COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS CONTRASTED, ETC. 



The cost of intoxicating drinks in the United 
States during the present century, although ap- 
proximated, it will be evident to every one who will 
carefully consider the estimates, has not been ex- 
aggerated. 

It is difficult for persons generally to comprehend 
the> true value of a million dollars, and still more 
difficult to comprehend hundreds of millions. To 
comprehend clearly anything it must be mentally 
compared with some other thing well known ; hence 
we will compare the value of sums of money spent 
for intoxicating drinks during the several periods 
named. 

TABLE VIII. 

Of Imports and Exports to and from the United States, with the Esti- 
mated Cost of Intoxicati7ig Drinks, for the Periods named, from 
1800 to 1883. 



Period. 

(Inclusive.) 


No. 

Years 


Imports, 

Including Coin and 

Bullion. 


Exports, 

Including Coin and 

Bullion. 


Estimated Cost of 

Intoxicating 

Drinks. 


1800 to 1824.... 

1825 to 1839. . . . 
1840 to 1849.... 
1850 to 1859. . . . 
I860 to 1869. . . . 
1S70 to 1879. . . . 

1800 to 1879. . . . 
1880 to 1883. . . . 

1800 to 1884.... 


25 

15 

10 
10 
10 
10 

80 
4 

84 


$1,752,991,088 
Merchandise only. 
1,547,193,788 
1,105,696,970 
2,684,483,018 
3,236,780,001 
5,120,119,800 


$1,099,296,169 
Merchandise only. 
1,111,878,875 
1,096,976,173 
2,140,154,928 
2,326,950,842 
5,301,556,001 


$1,937,450,438 

1,172,609,790 
1,130,557,130 
2,275,982,211 
4,798,199,484 
6,617,502,405 


$15,447,264,665 
2,758,439,852 


$13,076,812,988 
3,245,334,664 


$17,932,301,458 
3,354,224,000 


18,205,704,517 


$16,322,147,652 


$21,286,525,458 



44 COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS CONTRASTED. 

By the foregoing table, during the first quarter of 
this century there was spent for intoxicating drinks 
nearly $2,000,000,000 ($1,948,205,487), $195,000,000 
more than the value of all imports, including coin and 
bullion, and $858,000,000 more than the value of the 
merchandise, coin, and bullion ; and during the next 
fifteen years, from 1825 to 1840, the value of im- 
ports was over $1,547,000,000, and $375,000,000 more 
than the cost of liquors ($1,172,609,790), and liquors 
cost $62,000,000 more than the value of all domestic 
exports. 

During the next ten years over $1,130,000,000 were 
spent for liquors, which was $30,000,000 more than 
the value of all imports, and $34,000,000 more than 
the value of exports. From 1850 to 1859 there were 
spent for liquors $2,275,000,000, or $135,000,000 more 
than the value of all domestic exports. Daring the 
ten years from 1870 to 1879 the nation's drink-bill 
was $6,717,000,000, or $1,497,000,000 more than the 
value of all imports, and $1,316,000,000 more than 
all domestic exports. During eighty years our na- 
tion's drink-bills were nearly $18,000,000,000, which 
was $2,485,000,000 more than all foreign imports, and 
$4,856,000,000 more than all our domestic exports. 
And during the present century (eighty-four years) 
we have spent for liquors $21,286,000,000, or $3,081, - 
000,000 more than all foreign imports during the 
same period, and $4,964,000,000 more than all do- 
mestic exports. Thus have our people been continu- 
ally spending since the formation of the nation more 
than the value of imports or exports. 

By the Tenth Census Report (1880) the assessed 
value of real and personal property was $16,902,993,- 



COST OF INTOXICATING DBINKS CONTRASTED. 45 

543, or $4,384,000,000 less than the drink-bill of the 
nation during the century (eighty-four years). These 
more than $21,286,000,000, the hard-earned wages of 
our toiling millions, that should have been spent 
by our laboring classes for food and clothing for 
themselves and their families, and to promote the 
prosperity of the country and the happiness of our 
people, were expended for strong drinks, from which 
have flowed poverty, misery, crime, disease, and 
death, and have burdened our industrious and sober 
citizens with taxes that would not have been needed 
had not these thousands of millions been expended 
for drink. 

Then, again, by the Census Keport (1880), the 
value of farm products sold, consumed, or on hand 
was $2,212,540,927, which was $197,000,000 less than 
the cost of drinks for the three years 1880, 1881, 
and 1882. The value of the products of our me- 
chanical and manufacturing industries for the same 
period was $5,369,579,191, which was $198,000,000 
less than the nation's drink-bill ($5,567,759,276) for 
eight years, from 1875 to 1882 inclusive. 

Then, again, the cost of liquors during the seventy- 
nine years (from 1800 to 1879 inclusive) was $17,932,- 
301,458, or over $1,000,000,000 more than the assessed 
value of all real estate and personal property in 1880 
within the United States. Our people in three years 
spend for drink more than the value of the annual 
products of all our farms, and in eight years more 
than the value of all our mechanical and manufactur- 
ing industries ; or in less than eleven years our peo- 
ple expend for drinks the value of the annual pro- 
ducts of our farms, and of all our mechanical and 



46 COST OF INTOXICATING DEIKKS CONTRASTED. 

i 

manufacturing industries. Thus, if a fire were to be 
kindled on the first of January of every eleventh 
year, and if during the year every article as fast as 
produced in all our factories, workshops, etc., and 
all the farm products as fast as they were gathered, 
were thrown into this fire and burned until nothing 
but their ashes remained, this destruction of the 
products of labor and capital would not inflict as 
much pecuniary injury on our people and country 
as is produced during every eleven years by the sale 
of intoxicating drinks. If the products of our farms, 
factories, and workshops of the value of the money 
spent annually in drinks were destroyed by fire and 
flood, it would be a terrible loss, and a cry c*f woe, 
sorrow, and horror would be raised all over our land, 
and would arouse and excite every feeling heart. 
Yet this destruction would not deprive our working- 
classes of the physical and mental power to supply 
their loss with others. To spend money for intoxi- 
cating drinks is not only a waste of the money, but 
the users of the drinks are, while under their influ- 
ence, incapacitated to perform their duties, in a 
greater or less degree. 

As said already, the assessed value of real estate 
and personal property in 1880 was $16,902,993,543; 
the true value, by the Census Report, was $43,642,- 
000,000. During the present century, or in eighty- 
three years (from 1800 to 1883 inclusive), there were 
spent for liquors more than twenty- one thousand 
two hundred and eighty-six million dollars ($21,286,- 
525,458), which is nearly one-half of the true value 
of all the property, real and personal, that has been 
accumulated since the landing of the Pilgrim Fa- 



COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS CONTRASTED. 47 

thers fr.om the Mayflower on Plymouth Rock and 
the first settlers at Jamestown. It may be safely 
asserted that, if the true cost of liquors could be 
ascertained, more money has been spent for alco- 
holic poisons and their indirect cost since the Decla- 
ration of Independence than would buy to-day all 
our farms, factories, and workshops, with their ma- 
chinery and other contents, all our railways and 
equipments, all the houses, furniture, clothing, and 
other articles of value in the United States, with 
the breweries and distilleries, liquor-shops and 
liquors, thrown into the bargain. 

The permanent investments in the 87,891* miles 
of railroads in operation and owned by the 1,482 
railway companies in the United States in 1880 was 
$5,182,445,807. The drink-bill of the nation for the 
ten years (1870 to 1879) was $6,617,502,405, which 
was $1,436,000,000 more than the permanent invest- 
ment of all the railroads in the United States in 
1880. Indeed, our nation's drink-bill for the last 
seven years was only about $6,000,000 less than the 
investment in railroads. Thus in seven years our 
people spend for drink nearly as much money as is 
now invested in the 87,891 miles of railroads ope- 
rated in the United States in 1880. Then, again, 
the annual average cost of liquors for the three years 
(from 1880 to 1882, inclusive) was $803,000,000 ; the 
average annual cost of liquors for each man, wo- 
man, and child was $16, and for each family $80 75. 

There were, in 1880, 8,955,812 dwellings, f of which 
163,522 were taxed retail liquor-places and 11,610 
taxed retail malt-liquor shops, or a total of 175,133 

* See Tenth Census Report, 1880. + Compend. Census Report, Part U. 



48 COST OF INTOXICATING DEINKS CONTEASTED. 

places where intoxicating drinks were sold by retail. 
If the liquor-shops in the United States in 1880 were 
in one place they would form a city having more 
dwellings than there are in Philadelphia (146,412) and 
Pittsburgh (24,280) combined, and as many dwell- 
ings remain as would make another city as large as 
Sacramento, Cal. ; or would make four cities as large 
as St. Louis, Mo., or two cities larger than New 
York. Indeed, these drink-shops would form a city 
larger than New York, Brooklyn, Rochester, Al- 
bany, and Syracuse, with 1,307 dwellings to spare. 
To arrange them side by side, allowing each a front- 
age of thirty feet, they would form a' street with 
drinking-shops on each side 497 miles long, or nearly 
the distance from Philadelphia, Pa., to Cleveland, 
Ohio ; in other words, if placed side by side they 
would extend on each side of the railroad-track from 
Philadelphia nearly to Cleveland. 

Every one who reflects a moment on the subject 
must be convinced that no people, however favored, 
can continue to prosper who waste so large a pro- 
portion of the value of labor for drink. Money- 
panics, hard times, and stagnation of trade must in- 
evitably follow such extravagance and waste, and 
people who so violate every law of political economy 
must sooner or later become ruined and bankrupt. 

Money spent for drink adds nothing to the con- 
sumer's possessions — nothing that really benefits in 
the present nor in the future, as do food, clothing, 
furniture, and other property. 

There is not the least doubt, if the money expend- 
ed for intoxicating drinks in this country since the 
Declaration of Independence had been devoted to 



COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS CONTRASTED. 49 

the purchase of useful and necessary articles, the 
real and personal property of the country would be 
nearly double the present value, our people more 
happy and prosperous besides being more intelli- 
gent, moral, and r£ligious, and the sober and indus- 
trious classes free from the taxation now imposed 
upon them for public charities and correction. 



CHAPTER IV. 

THE LOSSES FROM THE DRINK-TRAFFIC. 

The losses from the drink-traffic cannot precisely 
be ascertained, but it is not less than the money 
paid for the drink. Our people wonld be no worse 
off than now if our industries to the value of the 
money paid for liquor werq annually suspended, 
providing the manufacture and sale of intoxicating 
drinks entirely ceased. 

the loss of labor of persons engaged in the 
liquor-trades. 

In 1882 there were 6,427 who paid the United 
States tax as wholesalers (4,241 the tax of $100 as 
wholesale liquor-dealers, and 2,186 the tax of $50 
as wholesale malt-liquor dealers). If three were en- 
gaged in each of these establishments there were 
19,281 persons engaged in the wholesale liquor- trade. 

There were, the same year, 168,770 who paid the 
tax of $25 per annum as retail liquor-dealers,* and 
8,006 who paid $20 per annum tax as retail malt* 
liquor dealers, or a total of 176,776 retailers of in- 
toxicating drinks. If two persons are employed in 
each taxed retail place, then 353,552 persons are en- 
gaged in the taxed retail liquor-business. 

It is well known that there are numbers of untaxed 

* A retail liquor-dealer can sell malt liquors as well as spirits, "but a retail malt-liquor 
dealer cannot sell spirits. 

50 



THE LOSSES FROM THE DRINK TRAFFIC. 51 

liquor-places ; it is estimated that there are nearly 
as many untaxed places where liquors are sold as 
there are taxed or licensed. But we will suppose 
that there are only one-half as many untaxed as 
taxed, or 176,776 employed in untaxed liquor-places, 
allowing two persons for each.* I was informed some 
years ago by a liquor-dealer that 4,000 unlicensed 
liquor- places were in Philadelphia. If the above 
estimates be correct we, have in the United States 
549,609 persons engaged in liquor-selling. 

In 1880 there were 4,661 distilleries operated, and 
employed in making distilled liquors 6,532f persons. 
There were in 1880, based on the brewers' estimates, 
4,899 employed in malt-houses and 15,432 in brew- 
eries, and 10,000 persons employed as teamsters, 
blacksmiths, coopers, etc. The number employed 
in the manufacture and sale of liquors in 1880 was 
about as follows : 

NUMBER OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN MAKING LIQUORS. 

Persons engaged in breweries, 15,432 

Persons engaged in malt-houses, ..... 4,899 

Persons engaged in distilleries, 6,532 

Persons variously employed in breweries and distil- 
leries, . . . ... . ' . . . 10,000 

Total engaged in making liquors, ... . . 36,863 

NUMBER OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN SELLING LIQUORS. 

Persons engaged in wholesaling, ..... 19,281 
Persons engaged in taxed retailing, . . . . 353,552 
Persons engaged in untaxed retailing, .... 176,776 

Total, . 549,609 

Grand total, 586,472 

The aggregate number of persons engaged in mak- 
ing and vending intoxicating drinks was 586,472. 

* See " Our Wasted Resources," p. 82. t Census Report, 1880. 



52 THE LOSSES FROM THE DRLN"K-TRAFFIC. 

The wealth of a nation is the result of productive 
labor. What real benefit to society is the labor of 
these 586,472 persons ? None whatever. Their labor 
is worse than lost or wasted. It is worse than un- 
productive labor, it is destructive labor ; and, to say 
the least, whatever they consume is unproductive 
consumption.* The drink manufacturers and sell- 
ers are little better than paupers. In truth, they 
are worse, for their labor is not only unproductive, 
but prevents productive industry by creating idle- 
ness and unfitting productive laborers for work. 

Each engaged in the liquor-trades, if employed in 
some useful branch of industry, would be adding his 
share to the wealth of the nation. If they were em- 
ployed at some useful work they might earn, say, $2 
a day, or $500 a year, allowing the balance for loss of 
time from sickness and other causes. At this rate 
their productive labor would add to the wealth of the 
nation $1,172,944 a day, or $293,236,000 a year. This 
nearly $300,000,000 is only a small part of the annual 
loss of the nation by labor taken from productive 
industries by the liquor-trades. 

THE LOSS OF LABOR BY DRINKING. 

It will be safe to say that not less than 700,000 
drunkards are in the United States ; for if each of 
the taxed retail liquor-establishments has only four 
customers who may be called drunkards, there would 
be 707,104. This is certainly a low estimate, if we 
consider the great number of places in the country 
untaxed where liquors are sold. If these 700,000 
drunkards only lose one-half their time by drink- 

* See " Our Wasted Resources,' ' pp. 36, 40. 



THE LOSSES FEOM THE DRINK-TRAFFIC. 53 

ing it will be equal to losing the labor annually of 
350,000 men, which, at $500 each, would be a loss 
of $175,000,000 a year. 

Estimating our population at 50,155,783, as in 1880, 
nearly one-half of whom were females, and 12,830,349 
males of twenty-one years and upward ; supposing 
that only one in every six take intoxicating drink to 
any great extent, it will give 2,138,391 as male drink- 
ers or tipplers in our nation. Besides these it has 
been estimated that we have two or three hundred 
thousand females who drink to excess. 

If on an average only one day a week is lost from 
drinking by each of these 2,138,391 male tipplers 
and occasional drunkards, it will be a loss of $4,276- 
782 a week, or $222,392,664 a year, allowing $2 a day 
wages for each. 

RECAPITULATION OF LOSSES OF TIME AND INDUSTRY.* 

Loss of time and industry of 586,472 persons engaged in 

making and selling liquors, $293,236,000 

Loss of time and industry of 700,000 drunkards, . . 175,000,000 

Loss of time and industry of 2,138,391 male tipplers, etc., 222,392,664 

Aggregate loss of time and industry, . . . $690,628,664 

Closer investigation would doubtless show that this 
large aggregate is far below the true loss. Fifty 
years ago a committee of the English Parliament 
found, after close investigation, that one-sixth of the 
wealth-producing power of England was lost annu- 
ally by drinking. 

THE LOSS BY DESTRUCTION OF GRAIN, ETC. 

The foregoing are not all the losses which the 
drink-trades cause, as will be seen by the follow- 
ing exhibits. 

By the manufacture of intoxicating drinks over 



54 THE LOSSES FROM THE DRINK-TRAFFIC. 

sixty million bushels of grain are destroyed annu- 
ally. The grain destroyed in breweries and distil- 
leries in 1882 was 66,660,792 bushels,* which, at only 
50 cents a bushel, would be $33,330,396. 

The average weight of the grain used for liquor 
is about 53 lbs. per bushel, and yielding not less 
than 40 lbs. of flour, which would make about 60 
lbs. of bread, or 15 four-pound loaves per bushel. 
The 66,000,000 bushels would give a grand total of 
990,000,000 four-pound loaves of bread, or more than 
99£ loaves for each family in the United States in 
1880. This calculation does not include the destruc- 
tion of grain, etc., used in the production of imported 
liquors, nor the domestic liquors manufactured that 
are not reported to the revenue officers, nor the 30,- 
000,000 gallons of wine as reported in the Agricul- 
tural Keport of 1880. 

If used as paving-stones these loaves of bread 
would pave a street more than 1,500 miles long, or 
a turnpike 30 feet wide alongside of the railroad, 
longer than from Boston to Omaha, Nebraska, f 

THE LOSS FROM SICKNESS, ETC., BY THE USE OF 

DRINK, 

There is ample evidence that alcoholic drinks pro- 
duce sickness, and in proportion to the quantity of 
liquors consumed is the sickness and death-rate of a 
people. 

It has, by careful investigation, been estimated 
that from one-half to one-third of the sickness of 
civilized nations is directly or indirectly the result 

* One bushel of grain yields 3.tt^" gallons of spirits. A gallon of molasses yields 
^Vo" of spirits. See Internal Revenue Report, 1881, p. xlix. 
t See " Our Wasted Resources," pp. 116, 117, 118. 



THE LOSSES FROM THE DRINK-TRAFFIC. 55 

of tlie use of alcoholic beverages. Dr. B. W. Rich- 
ardson, President of the Health Section of the Social 
Science Congress, Brighton, England, October, 1875, 
stated that the duration of life in England was di- 
minished to the extent of one-third by the sale of in- 
toxicating drinks. In JSTew York City one death in 
4,070 of the population is caused by alcohol, which, 
at the usual rate of one death for 28 cases of sick- 
ness, would give for New York City one case of sick- 
ness for every 145 of the population. 

The ratio of sickness in the country portions of the 
United States has been estimated at one case in 700 
of the population. Allowing one-third of the peo- 
ple of the United States to dwell in cities and large 
towns, there will be about one case of sickness from 
alcohol to 261 of the population in the whole coun- 
try ; but, not to exaggerate, we will allow one case of 
sickness for 350 of the population, which will give 
143,302 persons simultaneously sick in the United 
States from drink. The cost of medical attendance 
and medicine will not be less, on an average, than one 
dollar a day for each person sick, or an annual cost 
of $52,305,230. The loss of time, at $1 50 for each 
workingman, will be a loss annually from sickness 
caused by drink of $119,368,578. 

Drink not only predisposes the users to disease, 
but prevents their cure when taken sick and hastens 
death; consequently deprives the state of the labor 
of its citizens, causing sorrow and suffering to the 
victims and their families or friends, and a loss to 
the whole nation. 

There can be no greater violation of the principles 
or laws of political economy than the absurd policy 



56 THE LOSSES FKOM THE DBHSTK-TKAFFIC. 

that encourages the production and use of alcoholic 
drinks, that injure the health and shorten the lives 
of the citizens. 

In 1880, by Census Report, 478,072 died under five 
years of age, and 278,821 over five years. In the ab- 
sence of the exact number, we will say one-third of 
the latter died under 21 years, leaving 185,880 who 
lived to adult age. Applying Dr. Richardson's pro- 
portion of deaths from alcohol to the deaths in this 
country, then 61,962 deaths in 1880 were directly or 
indirectly due to* intoxicating drinks, which fully 
bears out the estimate that 60,000 die annually in 
the United States by drink. 

LOSS TO EMPLOYEES BY DKINKING EMPLOYEES. 

Persons employing large numbers of hands have 
estimated that the loss of industry by drink is equal 
to the direct cost of the drinks. Though unable to 
present the exact figures, I believe the loss of in- 
dustry and other indirect costs and losses from drink 
in the United States will be not less than $600,000,000 
a year. As already said, in 1834 a committee of the 
English Parliament estimated the loss of time and 
labor by drink to be one- sixth of the wealth-producing 
power of that kingdom. To apply this estimate to our 
manufacturing and mechanical industries only, it will 
give as the loss in production of wealth in the United 
States by drink not less than $894,596,531. But, not 
to exaggerate, we will put the loss of time and labor 
by employers in the United States by drinking em- 
ployees at only $10,000,000, which every one who re- 
flects a moment will say is much less than the true 
loss. 



THE LOSSES FROM THE DRINK-TRAFFIC. 57 



A SUMMARY OF THE ESTIMATED LOSSES FROM THE USE OF INTOXICATING DRINKS AND 
THEIR COST ANNUAI.LT IN THE UNITED STATES. 

1. Loss of productive industry of 586,472 persons in the liquor-trades, . $293,236,000 

2. Loss of productive labor of 700,000 drunkards, 175,000,000 

3. Loss of productive labor of 2,138,391 moderate drinkers, . . . 222,392,664 

4. Loss of time, cost of medical attendance and medicine, in sickness 

caused by drinking, 119,368,576 

5. Loss to employers by drinking employees, 10,000,000 

6. Cost of supporting 83,809 defective persons by drink, as insane, etc., 16,779,800 

7. Cost of supporting 59,110 paupers, etc., made such, by drink, at $100 

a year, . 5,911,000 

8. Loss of labor of paupers, etc., at $300 a year, 17,733,000 

9. Cost of supporting 39,481 prisoners at $100 a year, made such by 

drink, . 3,948,300 

10. Loss of labor of 39,481 prisoners at $300 a year, 11,844,300 

11. Cost of police, prosecutions, court expenses, losses by jurors, wit- 

nesses, etc., 15,000,000 

Total indirect costs and losses by drink, . . . . . . $891,213,640 

Direct cost of drinks, 1883, 944,629,581 

Grand total of loss and cost by drink, . $1,835,843,221 

The above estimates, if it were possible to find the 
exact cost and loss, would be fonnd, we believe, to be 
less than the true amount. To the above might be 
added $33,330,396, the value of grain destroyed tcr 
make the drinks. 



CHAPTER V. 

DEINKS AND BAD TBADE. 

The nation's drink-bill in 1880 (exclusive of 30,- 
000,000 gallons of domestic wines and other liquors 
made and consumed on which the tax was not paid) 
was $733,816,495. As already said, it is almost im- 
possible to obtain the true cost of drinks. We will 
estimate the annual sales of the retail liquor-dealers 
paying $25 a year tax at $5,000 each, and retail malt- 
liquor dealers paying $20 tax at $3,000. In 1830, 
175,133 retailers of liquors paid tax, of whom 163,523 
paid $25, whose aggregate sales, at the foregoing 
estimate of $5,000 each, would be $817,615,000; 
there were 11,610 retail malt-liquor dealers who paid 
$20 each, whose sales, at $3,000 each a year, were 
$34,830,000 — or the total annual sale of both classes 
$852,445,000. 

The difference between the above sum and cost 
based on the returns of the Internal Revenue Report 
of 1880 is only $118,628,505, which will be a small 
allowance for liquors not taxed. 

These $852,445,000 taken from the productive in- 
dustries will be sufficient to cause a great depression 
in business, for it is so much taken from the legiti- 
mate business of the nation. To secure the most 
abundant prosperity and give employment to all the 
unemployed is only to transfer these millions from 
the liquor-business to purchase the necessaries of 



DRINKS A^D BAD TRADE. 59 

life. If our cotton, woollen, and other manufactur- 
ers are not busy it is because they cannot dispose 
of their goods, and the, reason they cannot dispose 
of them is either that our people spend their money 
for something else or they are poorer than formerly. 
The latter is not the case, for year after year the 
wealth of the nation increases much faster than the 
population, and the wages for labor are higher in 
this country than any ip. Europe. 

The cause of bad trade is said to be "over-pro- 
duction." There can never be an " over-production " 
of useful gftid necessary articles %s long as there are 
persons with backs bare and feet uncovered, or 
human stomachs that have not food enough to sa- 
tisfy them. Though our soil, climate, and other 
natural resources should enable our people to live 
in comfort and happiness, and though scientific dis- 
coveries and inventions have supplied labor-saving 
machinery and facilitated the power of production 
many fold, yet thousands — ay, tens of thousands — 
of our people are wdthout work, without bread ; so 
that we may say, as Mr. Euskin said of England : 
" Though we are deafened with the noise of the 
spinning-wheels and the rattle of the looms, our 
people have no clothes ; though they are black 
with digging fuel, they die of cold ; and though 
our millions of acres are covered with ripe golden 
grain, our people die for want of bread. This 
need not be, should not be.' 5 This is not the con- 
dition of our country only ; the same condition 
exists in England. Nor can it be otherwise so 
long as the people pursue their present course and 



60 DKINKS AND BAD TRADE. 

practise the irrational political economy they now 
practise. 

The cause is not over- population, for millions of 
broad acres await the woodman's axe and the plough. 
It is not over-production. The difficulty arises from 
underconsumption, caused by our people being una- 
ble to buy what they need. 

The normal price of an article, as a rule, is mea- 
sured by the cost of production, plus the profits, 
expenses of transpprtation, etc. There may seem 
exceptions to this rule or principle, but they are 
only seeming exceptions. The wage-furfll of a na- 
tion is the sum received for the production of the 
goods sent to market, and the wage-fund (except 
when goods are sent to a foreign market) must sup- 
ply the purchasing power for all the goods produced. 
If the wage-fund is wasted or not properly applied 
the trade of the country will be proportionately in- 
jured ; and hence what is called " over-production" 
is the result and not the cause of bad trade and liard 
times, and underconsumption is a primary cause of 
bad trade and commercial depression. 

In this country there is neither over-population 
nor over-production. If productions are in mar- 
ket waiting for buyers, it is not because our people 
do not need them and more, but because they have 
not money to buy them ; and this lack of means is 
chiefly because, like the prodigal, they have wasted 
their substance in riotous living. Their wages have 
been spent for what they did not require nor need, 
and they have not the money now to buy what 
they do absolutely need. We cannot spend money 



DEHSTKS AE"D BAD TRADE. 61 

and have it. If we spend money for what we do not 
need and is useless we must be deprived of what we 
need and is necessary. 

There is a kind of over-production that is not 
caused by lack of fields of profitable labor, but from 
the vast number of consumers who, while they pro- 
dace nothing themselves, turn from its proper chan- 
nel the money that ought to flow back to replenish 
the wage-fund, which is the means we have to pro- 
mote production and healthful productive consump- 
tion. 

The truth of the matter is, our people squander 
their money for what is useless and injurious, and 
have spent the wage-fund for articles that give the 
least labor to our working-classes. 

During the years 1880, 1881, 1882 there was spent 
for intoxicating drinks in the United States as fol- 
lows: 

In 1880, $733,816,495 

In 1881, 800,112,580 

In 1882, 875,665,344 

Total for three years, . . . . $2,409,594,419 

Annual average, ..... $803,198,139 

The man who spends his wages for drink de- 
prives himself and family of many luxuries, and 
even necessaries, they might have enjoyed if the 
money had not been thus spent. Hence while the 
drink-shops increase and flourish business in every 
branch of productive industry must languish and 
decline. 

The wages paid in 1880 for all mechanical and 
manufacturing industries was $947,953,795, and dur- 
ing the same period $733,816,495 were spent for 



62 DRINKS AND BAD TRADE. 

drinks. Was this money wisely spent? In 1880 
our population was 50,155,783. The value of some 
of our manufactures was as follows : Textiles, $437,- 
502,299; articles of wear, $482,047,461; boots and 
shoes, $196,920,481; cotton goods, $210,950,383; 
woollen goods, $160,606,721. If these commodities 
were consumed in 1880, and if we add 25 per cent, 
to their wholesale value, given above, for expenses, 
profits, etc., before reaching the consumers, then for 
each man, woman, and child there were expended for 
our textiles $10 90, and for liquors $16 for each 
person; and f or . each family of 5.04 persons, for 
textiles* there were expended $54 93, and for liquors 
$80 64. For articles of wear — including men's, wo- 
men's, and children's clothing, boots and shoes, hats, 
caps, collars, cuffs, gloves, hosiery, etc. — there were 
expended for each person $12, and for each family 
$60 48 ; for boots and shoes there were expended for 
each person $4 90, and each family $24 69 ; for cot- 
ton goods $5 24 were expended for each person, and 
for each family $26 40 ; for woollen goods, for each 
person $4, for each family $20 16 ; while, as already 
said, $16 were spent for each person for liquor, and 
$80 64 for each family in the country. 

Our people cannot pour down their throats more 
than $800,000,000 worth of liquors annually and ex- 
pect to have good times. People cannot spend money 
for intoxicating drinks and encourage the legitimate 
trades of the country. Every cent left with the 
drink-seller is taken from the baker, butcher, hatter, 
shoemaker, tailor, etc., etc., and is lost to productive 
labor. 

* See Compend. Census Report, 1880, Part II. 



DRIKKS AHD BAD TRADE. 63 

The value of food and food-preparations produced 
in 1880 was about $963,-355,040, or $19 20 for each 
person and $96 85 for each family. Thus our peo- 
ple spend annually nearly as much for liquors as for 
food ; for, as already seen, $80 64 are spent, on an 
average, for liquors by each family annually in the 
United States. While labor produces capital, yet it 
is capital that extends productive industry, employs 
labor, and provides the implements and machinery 
that enable man to overcome the obstacles that stand 
in the way of genius and industry. 

While productive labor creates capital, non-pro- 
ductive wastes or destroys it. It will be self-evi- 
dent to every one who reflects but a moment that 
whatever causes unproductive expenditure of capital 
will retard production and progress. This is pre- 
eminently the case of money spent for intoxicating 
drinks. Intoxicating drinks are not only unneces- 
sary, but money spent for them is so much capital 
taken from the branches of industry that promote 
the growth and prosperity of the nation. The money 
spent for drink, if expended for useful articles, would 
increase employment in every productive industry. 
In the production of intoxicating drinks the r^al 
sources of wealth, land and labor, are unproductively 
employed and are lost.* 

THE LIQUOR-TRADES ARE UNPRODUCTIVE LABOR. 

For while the liquors do not benefit the consumers, 
useful products are destroyed to make them. What 
a man uses to enable him to follow some useful 

* See " Our Wasted Resources," pp. 76, 78. 



64 DRINKS AND BAD TRADE. 

employment is productive consumption ; but money 
spent for drink, whether by the idle or industrious, 
is unproductive expenditure, as intoxicating drinks 
do not preserve health, give strength, prolong life, 
or in any way aid the consumer to perform labor, 
but injure more or less his health and unfit him for 
productive labor, and may shorten his life. 

The millions expended for liquors are not only 
wasted, but the products used and labor expended 
in their manufacture and sale are lost, as well as the 
products consumed by those and their families who 
are engaged in the manufacture and sale of the 
drinks. 

The liquor-traders are non-producers, and, being 
consumers, they are really no belter than paupers. 
Ay, worse than paupers ! Their business is not 
only unproductive itself, but it retards and prevents 
productive laborers from pursuing their useful occu- 
pations ; thus society suffers a threefold loss. 

THE USE OF LIQUORS CAUSES UNPRODUCTIVE CON- 
SUMPTION. 

The man who lives upon the labor of another does 
not create a beneficial consumption of products ; he is 
merely a destroyer. The manufacturers and dealers 
in liquors are unproductive consumers, as they do 
not produce other useful or necessary articles in 
place of those they consume, or do anything to 
benefit society. The shoemaker may consume as 
much as a liquor-seller, but the shoemaker returns 
value in boots and shoes, while the drink-seller adds 
nothing to the common weal, but abstracts, besides 



DRINKS AND BAD TRADE. 65 

making his customers less able and less willing for 
useful labor. It may be a&ked, 

DO THE LIQUOR-TRADES CREATE A DEMAND EOR 

LABOR ? 

The brewers claim : "From the amount of capital 
invested, . . . the labor they employ, etc., they 
represent a very important branch of manufacture, 
and are entitled to demand from the national Gov- 
ernment, and also from the several State legisla- 
tures, proper recognition and protection." Thus the 
brewers, like others in the liquor-trades, claim that 
the liquor-traffic . is beneficial because of the labor 
employed. 

Though wealth is the result of labor, yet labor 
is often employed without increasing wealth. The 
latter is the result of labor employed in the liquor- 
traffic, as will be shown hereafter. 

The drink-bill of the United States for the three 
years 1880, 1881, and 1882 was $2,409,594,419, or an 
average annually of over eight hundred million dol- 
lars ($803,198,139), which is less than the annual ave- 
rage since 1880. 

When men stop using liquors they almost in- 
variably devote the greater portion of the money 
formerly spent for liquors to procure useful and 
necessary articles for themselves and family. We 
may reasonably expect that not less than three- 
fourths or four-fifths of the money now spent for 
drink, if not so spent, would be expended for use- 
ful articles. 

If our people, instead of spending annually $800,- 
000,000 for liquor, expended this sum for the follow- 



66 DRINKS AND BAB TRADE. 

ing useful articles, it would purchase about one-half 
of them produced in 1880 in this country, as given in 
the Census Report, viz. : 



I. Div.* Food and food-preparations, 

II. Div.f Boots and shoes, 

III. Div.J Carpets (othei than rag), 

IV. Div.§ Cotton goods (specific), 
V. Div.| Mixed textiles, . 

VI. Div.U Woollen goods, . 

VII. Div.** Worsted goods, 



$471,666,612 

84,025,177 
15,896,401 
96,045,055 
33,110,851 
80,303,360 
16,774,971 



Total, $797,822,427 

The total value of the foregoing manufactures is 
$5,375,712 less than the annual average cost of liquors 
for the years 1880, 1881, 1882, which was $803,198,139. 
Let us see what amount of necessary and useful ar- 
ticles could be purchased for the sum instead of the 
more than 498,038,084 gallons of poisonous drinks 
annually consumed. 

Div. I. For the first item of general Div. I. — viz., 
$471,666,612 for the purchase of food and food-prepa- 
rations — there could be obtained by the proper ex- 
penditure of our drink-waste as follows, viz. : 

1. More than 16,044,572 barrels of wheat flour, ff 
222,125 bushels of rye flour, 15,596,981 bushels of 
corn-meal, 202,230 cwt. of buckwheat flour, 280,875 
bushels of hominy, and 14,703,732 cwt. of cattle-feed. 

2. These grist-mill products would require to pro- 
duce them 12,169 grist-mills of average capacity of 
those establishments in the United States in 1880, 
give employment to 29,203 persons, pay for wages 

* See Compend. Census Report, 1880, Part II. pp. 1130-1. + Ibid. pp. 1104-5. 
$ Ibid. pp. 1108-9. § Ibid. p. 1127. || Ibid. p. 1127. % Ibid. pp. 1190-1201. ** Ibid, 
pp. 1204-7. 

tt The quantities are proportions of the amounts given in the Census Report, or 
based on them; or the census of 1870 when the quantities are not given in the report of 
1880. In every case where exact figures are not given they are less than official figures 
would warrant being given. 



DEIKKS AND BAD TEADE. 67 

$8,711,158, and leave a balance of $30,100,27*5 for 
profits of retailers and other expenses ; the value of 
the product, $252,592,856. 

3.* The farm products that would be used to pro- 
duce the before-mentioned grist-mill products were 
not less than 83,274,484 bushels of wheat, 20,498,- 
226 bushels of Indian corn, 9,802,488 bushels of 
oats, 1,110,625 bushels of - rye, and 444,461 bushels 
of buckwheat. The value of the grain used would 
be $181,157,263. 

4.f Bread and bakery products for family use were 
valued at $32,912,448, which would require 3,198 
bakeries of average capacity, employ 11,244 persons, 
and pay them for wages $4,705,644, for materials 
$21,306,013. 

Such increase in the consumption of bread and 
breadstufls would not only benefit farmers, grist- 
millers, flour- dealers, bakers, etc., but every other 
useful industry, and increase the health of the peo- 
ple. The history of all nations has established the 
fact that when bread and breadstuffs are plentiful 
and people well supplied their health is good and 
mortality lessened. 

The benefits from the money devoted to the pur- 
chase of food instead of drinks would still further 
encourage agriculture by giving $1,000,000 for milk, 
butter, and cheese, increase the demand for not less 
than 877,768 beeves, 1,116,850 sheep, and 8,049,214 
hogs ; which, besides supplying our people with food, 
will increase the general business of the country, for 
the farmers and graziers would receive for the ani- 
mals not less than $128,369,452. 

* See Census Eeport, 1870. + See Tenth Census Eeport, 1880, p. 932. 



68 DEIITKS AND BAD TRADE. 

5.* In addition to the benefits already named the 
preparation of animal foods would require 436 
slaughtering and meat-packing establishments of 
the average capacity of those in the country in 
1880, would employ 13,653 persons, and pay for 
wages $5,254,265. To can and preserve fruits and 
vegetables f employ 15,952 persons during the sea- 
son ; pay for wages, $1,339,920. 

6. X The cheese and butter produced in factories, 
worth $12,876,255, would require 1,966 factories, 
employ 3,971 persons, pay for wages $723,247 ; 
would consume 1,373,713,724 pounds of milk, and 
produce 109,942,175 pounds of cheese and 18,710,892 
pounds of butter; value of materials, $9,181,789. 

7.§ The advantages of the money spent for food 
instead of drink will be further increased by the 
preparation of coffee, spices, etc., which would re- 
quire 150 establishments, employing 1,358 persons, 
pay for wages $685,349, pay for materials $9,100,- 
651, producing coffee, etc., worth $11,462,447. 

8. || Other articles of food would require 54 
establishments to prepare them, employ 666 per- 
sons, pay for wages $159,126, for materials $802,- 
330, and produce foods valued at $1,246,612. 

If our people would abstain from drink, food and 
food-preparations would doubtless be increased in 
consumption annually to the value estimated above. 
This increase in the consumption of foods would in- 
crease other branches of productive industry; for 
there is a reciprocal connection between all produc- 
tive industries, and between the products of labor 

* Census Report, 1880, pp. 1186-9. t Ibid. p. 934. t Ibid. pp. 1112-13. 

§ See Census Report, 1880, pp. 934-5. II Ibid. pp. 934-5. 



DKINKS AND BAD TEADE. 



69 



given above and intoxicating brinks there is an ir- 
repressible and natural antagonism. The traffic in 
drinks is at war with all productive industries and 
the interests of labor. 



RECAPITULATION. 



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By the foregoing table our people, by abstaining 
from alcoholic drinks and by spending a little more 
than one-half their annual cost ($471,666,612) for 



70 DEINKS AND BAD TEADE. 

foods, as heretofore given, would need 18,178 addi- 
tional food-preparing establishments, employ 76,027 
persons, pay for wages $21,578,729, and cause a de- 
mand for $401,058,492 worth of materials. 

There is no exaggeration in these figures ; they 
are proportional estimates from the Census Report of 
1880, the fractions thrown out. Considering the tens 
of thousands of our people who are underfed or are 
in a starving condition, there cannot be a doubt but 
that this amount of money would be spent for food 
if not expended for liquors. Our farmers would re- 
ceive for grain alone $213,383,228, which, is $127,461-, 
854 more than the value of all the materials used in 
the manufacture of liquors in 1880. The census re- 
turns give $85,921,374 as the value of materials made 
into liquors. 

THE BENEFIT OF MONEY SPENT FOR MANUFACTURES. 

Having seen the benefit of money spent for foods 
instead of drink, let us examine the results of spend- 
ing the balance of our annual drink-bill for our use- 
ful manufactures. 

Div. II. By spending $83,025,177 for boots and 
shoes, 1,* we should receive 15,295,448 pairs of boots 
worth. $26,611,632, 47,443,807 pairs of shoes worth 
$56,054,671, and articles valued at $358,873. 

2. There would be used to make these boots and 
shoes 3,415,830 sides of sole-leather, 10,573,828 sides 
of upper-leather, and 16,480,307 pounds of other 
leather. To make the boots and shoes would re- 
quire 55,576 hands, and pay for wages $21,500,719, 
and use materials worth $51,221,221. 

* See Compend. Census Report, 1880, Part II. p. 1105. 



DRINKS AND BAD TRADE. 71 

3.* To tan, curry, and otherwise prepare the 
leather would require 2,711 establishments, employ 
18,542 persons, and pay $7, 024, 927 for wages. The 
total for preparing leather and making boots and 
shoes, 3,690 establishments, employing 73,916 per- 
sons, and pay for wages not less than $9,175,546. 

Div. III. By expending $15,896,401 for carpets we 
should receive 2,038,595 yards Brussels, 10,998,217 
yards ingrain two-ply, 431,197 yards ingrain three- 
ply, 992,100 yards Venetian, 4,720,597 yards tapes- 
try, 30,000 yards velvet, 78,814 yards Wilton, 151,683 
yards Axrainster, 120,610 yards cottage, 6,000 yards 
Dutch, 78,502 yards rag and 20,000 druggets, 23,760 
rugs, besides 567,071 pounds of worsted yarns and 
632,620 pounds of woollen yafns not worked up in 
the factories, but sold and worked elsewhere. 

To produce these carpets, etc., would be consumed 
17,004,176 pounds of foreign wool, 1,014,654 pounds 
domestic wool, scoured wool 11,781,608 pounds, 
valued at $3,487,564 ; and other materials, as camel' s- 
hair, mohair, buffalo-hair, and other animal hair, 
woollen yarns, cotton yarn, and worsted yarns, 
chemicals, dye-stuffs, coal, and other materials, 
valued at $9,492,438 ; and would require 97 estab- 
lishments, employ 10,185 persons, and pay $3,417,609 
for wages. 

Div. IY. By spending $96,045,055 for cotton goods 
would supply our people with 303,632,121 pounds, 
or about 1,136,639,012 yards, of cotton fabrics. 

To produce these cotton goods there would be con- 
sumed not less than 375,171,990 pounds of cotton cost- 
ing $43,477,862, would require 378 cotton factories of 

* See Compend. Census Keport, 1880, Part II. pp. 1159-1161. 



72 DRHSTKS AOT) BAD TRADE. 

the average capacity, employ 82,329 operatives and 
others, and pay them $21,020,255 for wages. Total 
value of materials, $51,013,173. 

Div. V. By spending $33,110,851 for mixed tex- 
tiles a vast amount of useful articles would be re- 
ceived to administer to the comfort and happiness of 
our people, to produce which would require 235 
establishments, give employment to 21,686 persons, 
pay them for wages $6,658,376, and consume cotton, 
silk, wool, and other textiles worth $18,613,870. 

Div. VI. By expending $80,303,360 for woollen 
goods there would be received 542,835 pairs of blank- 
ets, 557,413 horse-blankets, 29,242 carriage-robes, 
36,720,267 yards of cloths, cassimeres, doeskins, dia- 
gonal and suitings, 3,547,962 yards of beavers and 
overcoatings, 308,078 yards horse-clothing, 11,199 
yards blanketings, 679,148 yards cloaking, 64,952 
yards felted cloth, 665,033 coverlets, 35,462,598 yards 
flannels, 14,769,475 yards kersey, 2,390,503 yards lin- 
sey, 1,919,148 yards waterproof cloakings, etc., 8,314,- 
558 yards satinets, 1,017,507 yards tweeds, 621,489 
shawls, 778,786 yards cashmere ttes, 74,450 dozens Bal- 
morals, 710,484 pounds cotton yarns, 1,770,714 pounds 
woollen yarns, 910,300 yards cottonades, 2,385,070 
yards dress-goods, 1,459,525 yards cashmere, 541,118 
yards worsted coatings, 201,165 yards worsted over- 
coatings, 5,637,842 yards worsted dress-goods, 1,675,- 
850 yards alpaca, 177,500 yards bunting, 457,293 yards 
worsted suitings, 41,806 worsted shawls, and other 
articles too numerous to mention. To make these 
goods would require 995 factories of the average ca- 
pacity in 1880, would give employment to 43,252 per- 
sons, pay for wages $12,918,196, and consume 88,521,- 



DRINKS AND BAD TKADE. 73 

144 pounds of domestic wool, 10,241,333 pounds of 
foreign wool, besides washed wool, shoddy, valued 
at $33,690,225, also camel' s-hair, mohair, buffalo-hair, 
and other animal hair valued at $311,151, with cot- 
ton, cotton yarn, oils, dye-stuffs, chemicals, and nu- 
merous other articles. Total value of all materials, 
$50,422,805. 

Div. VII. And, lastly, to spend $16,774,971 for 
worsted goods we shoulqL receive, at manufacturers' 
prices, 1,437,836 yards of coatings, 31,966,670 yards 
dress-goods, 102,500 yards upholstery goods, 500,000 
yards alpaca, 275,370 yards serges, 107,000 yards 
terry, 1,115,110 yards bunting, 181,084 yards suit- 
ings, 287,128 worsted shawls, 628,722 yards Italian 
cloth, 1,306,300 yards braiding, etc., 4,500 yards rep, 
164,500 yards tapestry, 52,500 yards elastic cloth, 
4,825,000 pounds worsted yarn sold, not used at 
these mills, 720,246 pounds woollen yarn not used 
but sold, 455,276 yards lasting, 8,053 yards cloak- 
ings, 100,000 yards woollen cloths, cassimeres, etc., 
and other products valued at $482,251. To make 
these goods 38 worsted-mills would be needed, to 
employ 9,401 persons, pay them for wages $2,841,- 
513 ; there would be consumed not less than 7,843,907 
pounds foreign wool, 12,780,755 pounds domestic 
wool, and 13,167,317 pounds washed wool — the wool 
would be worth $7,617,939; there would be used 
* camel' s-hair, mohair, and other animal hairs worth 
$36,083, and cotton warps, etc., worth $1,014,320; 
woollen and worsted yarn not made in the mills, 
worth $1,344,670. These materials, with chemicals, 
oils, dye-stuffs, coal, etc., would be worth not less 
than $12,006,312. 



74 



DKIKKS AND BAD TEADE. 



PwECAPITULATIOlsr. 

Thus our people, by expending for food and the 
manufactures specified above $800,000,000, which is 
less than our average annual drink-bill, would keep 





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employed 20,900 factories and other productive es- 
tablishments, give work to 298,454 persons, pay for 
wages $89,935,397, cause a demand for $592,918,813 



DELVES AND BAD TRADE. 75 

worth of raw materials, and leave a balance of $2,177,- 
673, besides causing an investment of $349,278,792 in 
the production of the articles named. 

In the foregoing expenditures of articles of real 
necessity, instead of spending the money for liquors, 
we have not taken into the consideration the num- 
ber of steam-engines, carding-machiues, spinning-ma- 
chines, looms, and other machinery and implements 
that would be needed to do the work ; we have sim- 
ply given the articles that might be obtained and 
the labor, etc., to produce them. 

The benefits resulting from the expenditure of 
money for the articles specified are not confined to 
the operatives in the factories and the other produc- 
tive employments, or those directly connected with 
them, for it must be considered that nearly 400,000,- 
000 pounds of cotton are consumed, products of the 
Southern States, as well as not less than 100,000,000 
pounds of domestic wool, the products of our farms, 
etc. It may be safely said that if the money now 
spent for liquors was spent in the way suggested, or 
for any other useful and necessary articles, from four 
to five hundred thousand dollars would find its way 
into the pockets of the wool-growers of the United 
States more than now. No tariff would be needed 
on wool to encourage the wool-growers of the United 
States, for more wool would be needed than they 
would for many years be able to produce. 

In view of the facts and figures presented, the gov- 
ernment that licenses the sale and encourages the 
use of intoxicating drinks violates every sound prin- 
ciple of political economy. The drink- traffic and the 
use of the drinks not only prevent production and 



76 DRIXKS AID BAD TRADE. 

waste the money expended for the drinks, but the 
grain, fruits, and other materials used in their manu- 
facture are lost ; and all the people have to suffer the 
loss, whether they drink or not, and the drinkers not 
only lose the money they spend for the liquors but 
must bear their share also of the general loss. 

There is not the shadow of a doubt but that more 
than $800,000,000 would annually be spent more than 
is now spent for food and other articles of use and 
necessity but for the traffic in strong drinks. This 
additional sum spent for our manufactures and agri- 
cultural products would give an incalculable impetus 
to every department of productive industry, trade, 
and commerce. It must be plain to every one who 
will think and examine the subject that the reme- 
dy for our bad trade and lack of labor is within the 
hands of our people. If we continue to spend, as we 
are now doing, nearly one thousand million dollars 
a year for drink, and expect to have a prosperous 
and happy people, we shall be mistaken. As the 
drink-traffic prevents industry, to increase trade is to 
stop the traffic and remove the temptations to drink. 
This is the only remedy. 



CHAPTER VI. 

MONEY SPENT FOR LIQUORS INJURES LABOR. 

The demand for .labor is regulated by the demand 
for products, and wages, are measured by tlie demand 
for labor and the number of laborers in the labor 
market. 

When the number of laborers exceed the demand 
for them wages will be low ; but when less than the 
number needed, wages will be high.* The way to 
make good trade and increase the demand for labor, 
and to obtain good wages, is to cause a demand for 
useful articles that will give the most labor, and by 
so doing it will extend its influence to promote other 
useful and productive industries, How can this be 
done? By spending the millions for food, clothing, 
furniture, and other necessaries that are now worse 
than wasted by being spent for intoxicating drinks. 
This would not only give work for all now unemploy- 
ed, but to those engaged in the liquor-business. Great 
efforts are made to increase and extend our trade and 
commerce to foreign countries. This is all right, and, 
if it could be accomplished, would increase the de- 
mand for labor. But while looking after our foreign 
trade, etc., it is more important to extend our home 
trade. Our home trade might be nearly doubled in 
one year if the money spent for drink was expended 
for the products of our factories and workshops. 

* See " Our Wasted "Resources," pp. 104, 106. ' 



78 MONEY SPENT FOE LIQUOES INJUEES EABOE. 



The cost of labor- in manufacturing whiskey is only 
about 3^ per cent, on its value at the distillery.* 

In the column under per cent, paid for labor in 
Table XI. it will be seen that for all industries (at 







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wholesale price at manufactories) 17.65 per cent, is 
paid for labor ; for boots and shoes, 25.89 per cent. ; 
for clothing, 21.77 per cent.; for furniture, etc., 29.44 

* See " Our Wasted Resources," p., 106. 



MOj^EY SPEXT FOR LIQUORS INJURES LABOR. 79 

per cent. ; for hardware, 30.21 per cent. ; cotton goods, 
21.62 per cent. ; for woollen goods, 16 per cent.; wor- 
sted goods, 16.93 per cent.; furnishing goods (men's), 
23.84 per cent. ; while for labor for liquors 10.45 per 
cent, on wholesale price. 

The percentage of the sum paid for labor for the 
useful manufactures and liquors does not show the 
real difference or the true injury to labor by the 
money spent for drinks, as the cost of liquors to the 
consumers after they leave the place of manufacture 
is proportionately very much larger than the other 
products of our industries. The percentage of the 
cost of liquors to the consumers for labor will be, on 
an average, only about 1.99, or less than 2 per cent.* 
But we will examine the subject a little closer and 
allow 25 per cent, for the increase of price of the 
products of productive industries, as given in the pre- 
vious table, for profits and expenses from leaving the 
manufactory until received by the consumers. 

By the following table, $100 spent for the aggregate 
manufactures of the United States will give to labor 
for their production $14 12. For every $100 spent 
for boots and shoes, $20 71 goes to labor ; for cloth- 
ing, $17 42 ; for furniture and upholstering, $23 77 ; 
for hardware, $24 17 ; for cotton goods, $16 91 ; for 
woollen goods, $12 86 ; for worsted goods, $13 55 ; 
and for men's furnishing goods, $18 34; while $100 
spent for liquors will only give to labor $1 23. If 
we average a day's work at $2, then one hundred 
dollars ($100) spent for boots and shoes will give one 
person work for 10 T Vo- days ; for clothing, 8-^ days ; 
for furniture, etc., 11«HHj- days ; for hardware, 12^ 

* See ' ' Our Wasted Resources, pp. 108-9. 



80 MONEY SPENT FOR LIQUORS INJURES LABOR. 



days ; for cotton goods, 8^V days ; for woollen 
goods, 6;fo 3 o days ; for worsted goods, 6J£jj- days ; 
and for men' s furnishing goods, 9gV ¥ days ; while 
one hundred dollars ($100) spent for liquors will give 
one man only a little more than T 6 o of a day's work. 

TABLE XII. 

Of Wages and Per Cent, for Labor on Boots and Shoes and other 
Products named* 



Kind of Products. 


The Value of 
Products of . 
Manufactures, 
1880, at Manu- 
factory, Whole- 
sale Prices. 


The Increase of 
25 per cent, for 
Profits, etc. 


u 

^+J ID 
O O £ 

O cc Sq 


"S Org 
£\2 O 

to Pfl. 

c M 

bJ0c3 O 

£3*1 


The Sum paid 
for Labor out 
of $100 worth. 


All industries 

Boots and shoes... 
Clothing 


Dollars. 

5,369,579,191 

166,050,354 

241,553,254 

86,842,323 

22.653,693 

210,950,383 

160,606,721 

33,549,942 

11,506,857 


Dollars. 

1,342,455,797 
41,512,588 
60,388,313 
21,710,580 

5,663,423 
52,737,595 
40,151,680 

8,387,485 

2,876,714 


Dollars. 

6,712,278,998 
207,562.942 
301,941 ;567 
107,552,903 
28,317,116 
263,687,978 
200,758,401 
41,937,427 

14,383,571 


Dollars. 
947,953,795 

43,001,438 
52,601,358 
25,571,831 

6,848,913 
45,614,419 
25,836,392 

5,683,027 

2,644,155 


Dollars. 
14.12 

20.71 
17.42 
23.77 
24.17 
16.91 
12.86 
13.55 

18.34 


Furniture, etc 

Hardware 

Cotton goods 

Woollen goods 

Worsted goods . . . 

Men's furnishing 

goods 




All kinds of liquors 


. 144,291,241 




733,816,495 


15,078,579 


1.23 





THE ESTIMATED EXPENDITURES FOR NECESSARIES OF 

LIFE. 

The value of the necessaries of life consumed by 
the people of the United States will not be more 
than their value at the place of production or manu- 
facture ; by comparing the value of articles of com- 
mon use, imported and exported, they differ but a 
few millions, and, taking all together, will not vary 
more than the value of the articles left in stores, 
warehouses, etc., unsold. Therefore we will estimate 
the value of necessaries of life annually consumed to 
be not more than as follows, the value of the articles 



MONEY SPENT FOR LIQUORS INJURES LABOR. 81 

produced and imported in 1880, in round numbers 
(see diagram of annual expenditures for intoxicating 
drinks and chief expenditures in 1880) : 

Food and food-preparations, $963,000,000 

Bread, 302,000,000 

Butter and cheese, 186.000.000 

Sugar, molasses, etc., 234,000.000 

Coffee, tea, cocoa, etc., . . . . . . . 145,000,000 

Articles of wear — men's and women's clothing, . . 482,000,000 

Textiles, 437,000.000 

Cotton goods, 210,000.000 

Woollen goods, . . . v 160,000.000 

Boots and shoes, . . 196,000,000 

Worsted goods 33,000.000 

Carpets (other than rag), 31,000,000 

The wages paid in 1880 for mechanical industries were, . $947,000,000 
Expenditure for drinks (an average of three years), . . 803,000,000 
Expenditure for drinks in 1883 944,000,000 

In the foregoing item, food and food-preparations, 
are included all the flour ; all the bread and bak- 
ery products ; all slaughtered and packed meat in 
1880 ; all butter and cheese produced on farms and 
made in butter and cheese factories in 1880 ; all the 
coffee, tea, cocoa, etc., imported and entered for con- 
sumption, and prepared in roasting and grinding es- 
tablishments ; and all the fruits and vegetables pre- 
served, canned, etc. So that whatever is not in- 
cluded in the value of food estimated to be consumed 
will be more than made up in value by the excess of 
other products included which were imported ; so 
that the money estimated as spent for foods will be 
more than the amount really expended. 

In the estimate of cost of bread one barrel of wheat 
flour is allowed for each man, woman, and child in 
the country in 1880. 

The sugar, etc., is estimated at the rate of 52 lbs. 
a year for every man, woman, and child ; and the 



82 MONEY SPENT FOR LIQUORS INJURES LABOR. 

tea, coffee, etc., include all that was imported and 
prepared in 1880. 

Articles of wear include all men's and women's 
clothing, boots, shoes, hats, caps, men's furnishing 
goods, etc., etc., produced in 1880. 

Textiles include all the cotton goods, woollen goods, 
worsted goods, carpets, etc., etc., produced in 1880. 

Cotton goods include all kinds of cotton manufac- 
tures ; the woollen goods all goods made of wool, 
and wool and cotton, silk, and other textiles mixed. 

Boots and shoes include all that was produced in 
factories, custom-work and repairing in establish- 
ments producing $500 worth of products or more dur- 
ing the year. 

Worsted goods and carpets embrace all of these 
goods produced in 1880 in all the establishments in 
the country producing $500 per annum in each. 

The wages paid include all wages paid for me- 
chanical and manufacturing industries in all the es- 
tablishments that produced $500 worth of products 
or more during the. census year of 1880, which, it is 
safe to say, includes all wages paid, for it must be a 
small establishment that does not produce $500 worth 
of products in a year. 

The expenditures for drink, as already seen, for 
the three years 1880, 1881, 1882 averaged $803,000,000. 
The cost in 1882 was $875,000,000, and in 1883 was 
$944,000,000. Thus : 

1st. There was spent for intoxicating drinks in 1883 
more than three times as much as for bread, and 
nearly as mudi as for all kinds of food. 

2d. Drinks in 1883 cost five times more than butter 
and cheese in 1880. 



MONEY SPENT FOR LIQUORS INJURES LABOR. 83 

3d. We spent four times more tor drink than for 
sugar, molasses, etc. ; and coffee, tea, cocoa, and 
chocolate cost less than one-sixth the cost of drink. 

4th. Articles of wear cost only about half the cost 
of drink. 

5th. All textiles of 1880 were valued at less than 
one-half the cost of drink in 1883. 

6th. The value of cotton goods was less than one- 
fourth the cost of drink. 

7th. Drink cost nearly six times more than woollen 
goods. 

8th. We spent five times more for drink than for 
boots and shoes. 

9th. Over fourteen times more was paid for drink 
than for worsted goods and carpets. 

10th. Drink cost in 1883 only about $3,000,000 less 
than was paid for wages in 1880 for our mechanical 
and manufacturing industries. 

It is, therefore, very evident that the use of strong 
drinks injures trade, labor, and consequently our 
laboring classes. The liquor-business is for ever at 
war with all legitimate industry and our laboring 
classes, and stands in the way of the intellectual, 
moral, and religious advancement of our people. 

By the facts and figures presented it is evidently 
the interest of the working- classes, if they desire to im- 
prove their own condition, to use all their power and 
influence, social and political, to banish the drink- 
traffic from our country. Every dollar spent for 
drink robs labor of at least a half-day's work, and the 
whole liquor waste is not less than four or five hun- 
dred million days' work annually. 

By spending a dollar for liquors the consumer re- 



84 MONEY SPENT FOE LIQUORS INJURES LABOR. 

ceives nothing of value, and less than two cents goes 
for labor to make the liquors ; but if a dollar, for in- 
stance, is spent for shoes, not less than twenty cents 
goes to labor. 

In considering the question of labor the drink- 
question is the most important factor entering into 
the subject. 

The remedy for hard times and bad trade is in 
our own hands. As long as money is expended for 
liquors, from which labor receives very little, whilst 
at the same time it absorbs the means of obtaining 
those articles of first and chief necessity of which a 
larger proportion of the profits go to labor, we shall 
have hard times and bad trade. So long as money is 
worse than wasted for liquors we shall have panics, 
a scarcity of work and low wages, and labor will be 
the slave of capital. 



CHAPTER VII. 

THE BREWER'S BUSINESS VERSUS PRODUCTIVE IN- 
DUSTRY. 

The brewers of the United States in their essay * 
claim " that a brewer is just as necessary to the 
common weal as a butcher, baker, tailor, builder, or 
any other economic industry" ; and further: i'The 
trade, business, and calling of a brewer is just as 
much an integral part of a state as any other nec- 
essary calling, and without it something would be 
lacking for the general good" — in other words, that 
the brewer's business is beneficial to the community. 

THE MALT-LIQUOR BUSINESS IJST 1880. 

In 1880 the tax was paid on 12,346,077 barrels of 
malt liquors. By the brewers' estimates, f at $10 a 
barrel sold, $123,460,770 were invested in the malt- 
liquor business ; at the rate of 2|- bushels per barrel, 
or 30,885,192 bushels, at $1 per bushel, $30,865,192 ; to 
raise the barley, at 20 bushels per acre, would require 
1,543,259 acres ; to cultivate it, at one person for 33 
acres, would employ 46,765 persons ; value of land, 
at $40 an acre, $61,730,360 ; at one person for 800 bar- 
rels, would employ 15,432 persons in breweries, their 
wages at $500 a year. 

Capital invested in malt-houses, at 75 cents per 

* An essay distributed at the Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876. 
t See ibid, and Brewers' Congress Report, 1874. 



86 the brewer's business versus 

bushel, $23,148,894 ; employed in malt-houses, at the 
rate of 30 bushels per clay for one man during the 
malting season of seven months, 4,899 men. Hops 
used, at the rate of 2J- lbs. per barrel, 27,778,673 lbs.; 
at 25 cents a pound, $6,944,669 ; land used in hop cul- 
ture, at 500 lbs. per acre, 55,557 acres ; value of hop 
lands, at $40 an acre, $2,222,280 ; employed in hop 
culture, at one for ten acres, 5,555 persons. 

recapitulation. 



Breweries, 
Malt-houses, . 
Barley land, 
Hop land, 


Capital 

Invested. 

. $123,640,770 

23,148,894 

61,730,360 

2,222,280 


Persons 

Employed. 

15,432 

4,899 

46,765 

5,555 

72,651 


Acres Land 
Cultivated. 

1,543,259 

55,557 


Total, 


. $210,562,304 


1,598,816 



The foregoing figures (based on the brewers' esti- 
mates) show that in 1880 the capital invested in the 
malt-liquor business was $210,562,304; persons em- 
ployed, 72,651 ; land used in barley and hop culture, 
1,598,816 acres — which was an increase upon 1876 of 
capital invested, $82,075,950 ; and persons employed, 
37,344. 

This increase, by the brewers' notions, is so much 
the more favorable to their business and beneficial to 
our people. As already said, the more capital in- 
vested and the more labor employed in the liquor- 
business the worse for the people, for it is capital and 
labor taken from the productive industries that bene- 
fit society. 

Labor and capital devoted to the liquor-business 
are not simply unproductive, but are destructively 
employed k) the serious injury of individuals and so- 



PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRY. 87 

ciety. The greater the expenditure for liquor the 
greater the waste; and the more the liquor-trades 
are extended the more ruinous they are to our peo- 
ple and the greater impediment to the nation's pros- 
perity. 

In relation to the expenditure of money there ex- 
ists a very popular fallacy : that good is derived 
from the expenditure of the spendthrift, who, while 
he ruins himself, may find employment for others, 
and that money spent without benefiting the expen- 
der benefits the community ; yet all must agree that 
labor employed for no beneficial purpose is so much 
labor wasted. 

The expenditures for liquors are like those of the 
prodigal in some respects, yet worse in others ; for 
the brewer converts food, which nourishes the pro- 
ductive laborer, into a poison that makes idlers of 
those who would be otherwise industrious, besides 
producing pauperism, insanity, and crime ; and while 
our almshouses and lunatic asylums rebuke us for 
our folly, our people have to provide for the conse- 
quent crop of defective, dependent, and delinquent 
population. 

These results are not all chargeable to the brewer' s 
product, but are the effects of all branches of the 
liquor system or trades, and to arrive at just conclu- 
sions we must consider the liquor- trades as a whole. 
To compare the liquor-trades with other businesses, 
we will use the statistics of the census returns of 
1880, which give the liquor- trades and other busi- 
nesses ; when others are given it will be so stated. 
The tax, as we have already seen, was paid on 
12,316,077 barrels of malt liquors ; the capital in- 



88 



THE BREWER'S BUSINESS VERSUS 



vested in the land, materials and labor used, are 
tabulated below : 

TABLE XIII. 

Of the Malt-Liquor Business of 1880. 



Malt 
Liquors. 


Persons 
Employed. 


(D 

s > 

O 


Value of 

Land at $40 

per Acre. 


CD O) ^ 


Value of Ma- 
terials used. 

• 


Wages Paid, 
from Cen- 
sus Re- 
port, 1880. 


Breweries . . 
Malt-houses 
Barley ... . 
Hops 


Number. 
15,432* 

4,899* 
46,765* 

5,555* 


Number. 

1,543,259* 

55,557* 


Dollars. 

6i .730,360* 

2^22,280* 


Number. 

30,865,192 

27,778,673 


Dollars. 

30,865,192 
6,944,669 


Dollars. 
7,616,000t 
l,959,600t 




72,651 


1,598,816 


63,952,640 




37,809,861 


9,575,600 





DISTILLED-LIQUOR BUSINESS, 1880. 

As we have seen, the tax was paid on 61,100,362 
gallons of proof-spirits and entered for consumption 
in 1880. At the rate of 3^ gallons for one bushel of 
grain 17,457,246 bushels would be consumed, which, at 
75 cents a bushel, would be worth $12,112,934 ; to raise 
this grain, at 20 bushels per acre, would require 
872,862 acres, which, at $40 an acre, would be 
$34,914,480; to cultivate the grain, at one person for 
33 acres, would employ 26,450 persons. 

To make these spirits about 872,682 pounds of hops 
would be used, which, at 40 cents per pound, would 
be worth $349,144 ; land used to grow the hops (at 500 
pounds per acre), 1,745 acres ; to cultivate the hops (at 
one person for 10 acres) would employ 349 persons ; 
the land, at $40 an acre, would be worth $69,800.$ 
Persons employed in making distilled liquors, 6,452 

* Based on the brewers 1 estimates given on page 86. 

t By the Census Report, 1880. 

X Based on the brewers* estimates already given. 



PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRY. 89 

men ; females above 15 years, 10 ; children, 40 — total, 
6,532 * Wages paid, $2,663,967 * 

TABLE XIV. 

Distilled- Liquor Business, 1880. 



Distilled 
Liquors. 




03 

go -H 

»H > 

O-rH 

o 


Value of 

Land at $40 

per Acre. 


3 & 

2 m ° 

a 1 


2d 


Wages Paid, 
as given in 
Census Re- 
port, 1880. 


Distilleries. . . 

Grain 

Hops 


Number. 
6,532t 
26,450 
349 


Number. 

872,862t 
l,745t 


Dollars. 

34,91*4,4801 
69,800t 


Number. 

17,457,246t 

872,682t 


Dollars. 

12,112,934 
349,144 


Dollars. 
2,663,967:}: 


Totals 


33,331 


874,607 


34,984,280 




12,462,078 


2,663,967 



TABLE XV. 

^Recapitulation of Totals of Table of Malt- Liquor Business and of 
Table of Distilled-Liquor Business in 1880. 





*-< ft 


GO-M 


Value of 

Land at $40 

per Acre. 


S <u o 




Wages Paid, 
as given in 
Census Re- 
port, 1880. 


Table XIII. , 

Malt Liquors . 
Table XIV., 
Dis. Liquors. 


Number. 
72,651 
33,331 


Number. 

1,598,816 

874,607 


Dollars. 
63,952,640 

34,984,280 


Number. 
30,865,192 
17,457,246 


Dollars. 

37,809,861 

12,462,078 


Dollars. 
9,575,600 
2,663,967 


Aggregate of 
totals 


105,982 


2,473,423 


98,936,920 


48,322,438 


50,271,939 


12,239,567 



By the above table (XV.) the number of persons 
employed in the production of materials and in 
manufacturing distilled and malt liquors in the 
United States in 1880 was 105,982 ; land used, 2,473,- 
423 acres ; value of land, $98,936,920 ; value of mate- 
rials used, $50,271,939 ; and wages paid for labor in 
malt-houses, breweries, and distilleries, $12,239,567. 

* By the Census Report, 1880. -+ Based on the brewers 1 estimates. 

% By the Census Report, 1SS0. 



90 the brewer's business versus 

The foregoing are *the (so-called) benefits to labor, 
trade, agriculture, etc., by the liquor-trades. To test 
whether they are benefits or injuries, we will examine 
the results that would flow from a like amount of 
money spent for agricultural products used by the 
miller. 

The brewers assume that malt liquors are " whole- 
some and nutritious beverages." Though this as- 
sumption is without foundation, we will let it pass, 
and, for the sake of argument, will compare the 
money spent for true foods with that spent for in- 
toxicating drinks. 

MONEY SPENT FOR THE MILLER' S PRODUCTS. 

If the money spent in 1880 for drinks had been ex- 
pended for flour and grist-mill products instead of 
12,346,077 barrels of beer, etc., and 61,100,362 gallons 
of proof -spirits, there would have been received 888,- 
502 barrels of rye flour, 64,158,288 barrels of wheat 
flour, 691,544 bushels of barley meal, 62,387,924 bush- 
els of corn meal, 58,814,930 cwt. cattle-feed, and 
1,121,500 bushels of hominy, besides all the grain 
prepared for individual owners, not for market. 

To produce these products would consume* 555,- 
845,694 bushels of grain, valued at $449,592,045; 
employ to make the flour, meal, etc., 58,398 persons ; 
pay them for wages $17,422,316; and the value of 
these products at the mills, over* $505,000,000. To 
make the 888,502 barrels of rye flour, at five bushels 
a barrel, would require 4,442,560 bushels of rye, at 70 
cents per bushel, would be worth $3,109,792 ; to raise 
the rye, at 20 bushels per acre, would require 222,128 

* See Census Report, 1880, Part II., Compend. p. 1131. x 



PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRY. 91 

acres of land, which, at $40 per acre, would be worth. 
$8,885,122 ; to cultivate the rye, at one person for 33 
acres, would employ 6,731 persons. To make the 
61,158,288 barrels of wheat flour, at five bushels a 
barrel, would take 380,791,440 bushels of wheat, 
which, at $1 04 a bushel, would be worth $333,623,097 ; 
to raise the wheat, at 13 bushels per acre, would 
require 24,676,264 acres ; allowing one person for 33 
acres would employ 747,765 persons ; and, at $40 an 
acre, the land would be worth $987,050,560. 

To produce the 691,544 bushels of barley meal 
would require about 691,544 bushels of barley, which, 
at 75 cents a bushel, would be worth $518,658 ; at 20 
bushels per acre, would require 34,577 acres ; to culti- 
vate it, at one person for 33 acres, would employ 1,047 
persons ; and, at $40 an acre, the land would be worth 
$1,383,080. 

To make 62,387,924 bushels of corn meal would 
take 53,475,360 bushels of corn, which, at 55 cents a 
bushel, would be worth $29,411,448 ; to raise the corn, 
at 30 bushels per acre, would require 1,782,512 acres ; 
at 33 acres for one, would take 54,015 persons to cul- 
tivate ; at $40 an acre, the land would be worth 
$71., 300, 480. 

To prepare 58,814,930 cwt. of cattle-feed, allowing 
two bushels of oats to one of corn for each hundred- 
weight, would require 117,629,860 bushels of oats and 
58,814,930 bushels of corn. The oats, at 43 cents a 
bushel, would be worth $50,580,839 ; to raise the 
oats, at 28 bushels per acre, would take 4,201,066 
acres of land, which, at $40 an acre, would be worth 
$168,042,640 ; allowing one for 33 acres would employ 
127,305 persons. The 58,814,930 bushels of corn, at 



92 



THE BREWER'S BUSINESS VERSUS 



55 cents a bushel, would be worth $32,348,211 ; to 
raise the corn, at 30 bushels per acre, would take 
1,960,497 acres, which, at $40 an acre, would be 
worth $78,419,880 ; and to cultivate the corn, at one 
person for 33 acres, would employ 59,409 persons. 

TABLE XVI. 

Recapitulation of Flour and Grist-Mill Products, 



Kinds of Products. 


Persons Em- 
ployed to 
raise the 
Grain, etc. 


"id* 


Value of 

Land at $40 

per Acre. 






E,ve Flour 


Number. 

6,731 

747,765 

1,047 

54,015 

127,305 

59,409 


Number. 

222,128 

24,676,264 

34,577 

• 1,782,512 

4,201,066 

1,960,497 


Dollars. 

8.885,120 

987^50,560 

1,383,080 

71,300.480 

168,042^40 

78,419,880 


Bushels. 

4,442,560 

320,791.440 

691,544 

53,475.360 

117,629,860 

58,814,930 


Dollars. 

3,109,792 

333,623,097 

518,658 

29,411,448 

50,580,839 

32,348,211 


Wheat Flour 

Barley Meal 

Corn Meal 

Cattle- ^Oats 

Feed \ Corn 


Totals of Grist-mill 
Products 


998,272 


32,877,044 


1,315,081,760 


555,845,694 


449,592,045 



TABLE XVII. 

Of Totals of Table XVI. , of Flour, etc., and Table XV., of Liquor 

Business. 





Persons Em- 
ployed to 
raise the 
Grain, etc. 


||| 


Value of 

Land at $40 

per Acre. 


* 




Table XVI., Flour,etc. 
Table XV., Liquors .. 


Number. 
996,272 
105,982 


Number. 

32,877,044 

2,473,423 


Dollars. 
1,315.081,760 
98,936,920 


Bushels. 

555,845.694 

48,322;438 


Dollars. 

449,592,045 
50,271,939 


Difference 


890,290 


30,403.621 


1,216,144,840 


507,523,256 


399,320,106 





What flights of rhetoric can give significance or add 
emphasis to these figures of arithmetic ? Notwith- 
standing the great benefits claimed by the Brewers' 
Congress to our people by their business, it will be 



PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRY. 93 

found, by examining Table XYII. and the two pre- 
ceding tables, that by patronizing the miller instead 
of the brewer and distiller the money spent for the 
millers product will give employment on farms to 
over eight hundred and ninety thousand more per- 
sons (890,290) ; cause the cultivation of over thirty 
million (30,403,621) more acres of land ; cause the in- 
vestment of over one thousand two hundred and six- 
teen million dollars ($1,216,144,840) more capital in 
land ; cause to be consumed over five hundred and 
seven million (507,523,256) more bushels of grain, 
worth over three hundred and ninety-nine million 
dollars ($399,320,106), than by spending, as we do 
now, the money for the products of the brewers 
and distillers. This is not all, for in the figures of 
persons employed in connection with the manufac- 
ture of liquors persons employed in breweries and 
distilleries are included ; whilst in the table of flour 
and grist-mill products, only those engaged on farms 
raising the materials are given. But as the brewers 
boast of the great amount of labor they employ, we 
will examine both sides in regard to labor. 

By Table XIII. 20,331 persons are employed in malt- 
houses and breweries and 6,532 in distilleries, or a 
total of 26,863 employed in manufacturing liquors, 
whilst 58,398 are employed in flouring and grist- 
mills — or 31,535 more persons are employed in mak- 
ing flour, etc., than in making liquors. Where are 
the benefits conferred on labor, trade, manufactures, 
and commerce by the business of the brewers ? 

The following facts and figures show some of the 
so-called benefits by the liquor-trades. Examine them 
carefully. 



94 



THE BREWER'S BUSINESS VERSUS 



LOOK OlST THIS PICTURE, 



AND THEN ON THIS. 





To make 
Liquors. 




To make Flour, 
Meal, etc. 


Persons employed 

Land used (acres) 


105.982 

2,473,423 

$98,936,920 

48,322,438 

$50,271,939 

$12,239,567 


Persons employed: 
To raise grain 


996,272 

58,398 

1,054,670 
32.877,044 

$1,315,081,760 

555,845,694 

$449,592,045 

$17,422,316 


To make flour, etc 

Total persons employed. 

Land used (acres) 

Capital invested inland.. 

Grain used (bushels) 

Value of grain used 

Wages paid 


Capital invested in land. . 

Grain used (bushels) 

Value of grain used 

Wages paid 







THE BALANCE IN FAVOR OF SPENDING MONEY FOR 
THE miller's PRODUCT is: 

890,290 more persons are employed. 

30,403,621 more acres of land cultivated. 

$1,216,144,840 more invested in land. 

507,523,256 more bushels of grain used. 

$399,320,106 more spent for grain. 

$5,182,749 more paid for wages to make flour, etc., 
than to make liquors. 

There, gentlemen of the Brewers' Congress, are the 
accounts and the balance. They will bear your scru- 
tiny. Can you view these figures, and look honest, 
industrious, intelligent American citizens in the face, 
and tell them that your business is beneficial to la- 
bor and the agricultural and manufacturing interests 
of the country ? Do you see the benefits ? Is it not 
clear by spending the money our people do an- 
nually for the products of our breweries and distil- 
leries, instead of the products of the miller, 890,290 
persons are deprived of labor or employment ; that 
30,403,621 acres of land and $1,216,144,840 invested 
in land are prevented from being productively em- 
ployed ; that 507,523,256 more bushels of grain, 



PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRY. 95 

worth $399,320,106, would be annually consumed ; 
and $5,182,749 more would be paid for wages in flour 
and grist mills than is now paid by the brewers 
and distillers for the manufacture of intoxicating 
drinks ? 

If the money now expended for liquors, or worse 
than wasted, was not spent for them, it would be ex- 
pended, if not all for flour, etc., for other products of 
our productive industries, which would confer upon 
our people benefits as great if not greater than those 
we have seen would result by expending for flour 
and other grist-mill products the money now spent 
for drinks. 

Our liquor-bill in 1880 for domestic spirits and 
malt liquors was not less than $686,844,144. The 
value of the flour and other grist-mill products (in- 
cluding all the grain ground for individual owners, 
not for market) in 1880 was $505,185,712 ; and the 
value of materials (including mill supplies) was $441,- 
545,712. 

Hence our drink-bill in 1880 for domestic liquors 
was $181,658,432 more than the value of flouring and 
grist-mill products enumerated, thus leaving more 
than $181,000,000 for the profits of dealers, to pay 
transportation expenses, etc., after leaving the mills 
until they reach the consumers. 

IS THE BREWER' S BUSINESS BENEFICIAL TO AGRICUL- 
TURE ? 

As the brewers claim that their business is bene- 
ficial to agriculture apart from the distilled-liquor 
trade, let us examine their business alone, and use 
the figures of the malt-liquor business of 1880, given 



96 



THE BEEWEE'S BUSINESS VEESUS 



in Table XIV., and see what special benefits are de- 
rived from it. As already seen, the brewers in 1880 
produced 12,346,077 barrels of malt liquors, which, at 
$20 a barrel, would cost the consumers $246,921,540. 
In their manufacture, as seen by Table XIII., page 88, 
there were consumed 30,865,192 bushels of barley and 
27,778,673 pounds of hops, valued at $37,809,860. To 
raise the barley and hops 1,598,816 acres of land 
would be required, worth $63,954,640, and give em- 
ployment to 72,651 persons. 

Let us see, if the $246,921,540 had been spent for 
wheat flour instead of malt liquors, what our farmers, 
etc., would have received. 

The money spent for ale, beer, etc., would have 
bought 44,894,825 barrels of wheat flour at $5 50 a 
barrel; to make which 224,474,125 bushels of wheat 
would be used, which, at $1 04 a bushel, would cost 
$233,453,090 ; to raise it, at 13 bushels per acre, would 
take 17,267,240 acres ; to cultivate it, at one person 
for 33 acres, would employ 523,249 persons ; and the 
land, at $40 an acre, would be worth $690,689,600. 

TABLE XVIII. 

Recapitulation of Labor, Land, etc., for Wheat Flour ■, and the Totals 
of Table XIII. of Malt-Liquor Business in 1880. 



To make Flour 
and Malt-Liquors. 


0Q 
CO ,Q 




©3 

$> GO <X> 

£ Si <3 

5 5 > 


"Sag 

lag 


t3 

ODrX 


Wheat 

Barley 


224,474,125 
30,865,192 I 
27,778,673 j 


$233,453,090 
37,809,861 


17,267,240 
1,598,816 


$690,689,600 
63,952,640 


523,249 
72,651 


Hops 








$195,644,229 


15,669,424 


$626,736,960 


450,598 







By examining the above table (XVIII.) it will be 



PEODUCTIVE INDUSTRY. 97 

seen that if the money spent for malt liquors was ex- 
pended for wheat flour, in place of 30,865,192 bushels 
of barley and 27,778,673 pounds of hops used by the 
brewers the miller would use to make the flour 
224,474,125 bushels of wheat, worth $233,453,090, or 
$195,644,229 more than the barley and hops. * It will 
also be seen that if the money was spent for wheat 
flour it would cause the cultivation of 15,669,424 more 
acres of land, worth $626,726,960 more, and employ 
450,598 more persons than by spending, as now, the 
money for malt liquors. 

Comparing the miller's business with the brewer's, 
we find that, if the money was spent for flour in- 
stead of drink, the brewer's business diminishes the 
demand for the products of the farmers to the value 
of more than one hundred and ninety-five million 
dollars ($195,644,229). The effects of the drink-traffic 
upon all our productive industries are about the same 
as the relation of the malt-liquor business to our 
agricultural industry. 

Every one who has carefully read the foregoing 
chapters must be convinced that every (so-called) ar- 
gument in favor of the liquor-traffic, whether in malt, 
vinous, or distilled, is specious and fallacious, and, 
when examined by the light of facts, figures, and rea- 
son, as unreal and as delusive as the mirage in the 
desert. 

It is utterly impossible to follow out all the pecuni- 
ary injuries of the drink-trades, but the few that have 
been pointed out should arrest the earnest attention 
of every intelligent and patriotic citizen, and should 
impress every one with the dire necessity of taking 



98 brewer's business vs. productive industry. 

measures at once to dry up this source of our nation's 
woe and shame. 

Prohibition of the manufacture, importation, and 
sale of all alcoholic drinks as beverages is the only 
remedy. This remedy, if applied, would increase be- 
yond all calculation the wealth and prosperity of our 
country. It would immediately increase a healthy 
demand for the products of our farms, market-gar- 
dens, and orchards. Railroads and other modes of 
transportation would be increased, all the manufac- 
tures, trade, and commerce of the country would be 
augmented and immediately improved, by the de- 
struction of the drink-traffic. Destroy this traffic and 
save the nation. Fellow-citizen ! you have the power; 
the nation's salvation or destruction is in your hands. 

1 ' This power, like all others whose 
Throne is built on outraged rights, 
Shall pass away, 
Ay, though its empire stretch from zone to zone 
And bathe in endless day. 
E'en when the mirth is loudest 
Shall the wine grow bitter, 
And the shattered wine-cup fall. 
For in that hour shall come the Hand Divine, 
And write upon the wall." 



TEMPERANCE TRACTS. 

The National Teimpekance Society lias published 251 Large 12mo 2, 4,8, 12, and 16 
/age Tracts, which will be sent to any address at the rate of thirteen pages for one cent ; 
1,0 W pages for 75 cent?; the four-page Tracts at $3 per thousand, and the others in the same 
proportion. When sent by mail postage must accompany the order at the rate of 5 cents pel 
hundred, or 45 cents per thousand, for four-page tracts. The entire set in a file case for $1. 
post-paid. These are also put op in PACKETS, as follows : 

Packet of Assorted Tracts, No. 1. Comprising Nos. 1 to53of ourlist. 250pp., 25 
Packet of Assorted Tracts, No. 2. Comprising Nos. 53 to 100, making 250 pp., 25 
Packet of Assorted Tracts, No. 3. Comprising Nos. 100 to 150 of our list, 

making 240 pp 25 

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Packet of A ssorted Tracts, No. 5. Comprising Nos. 201 to 250, making 242 pp. 25 
Packet of Prohibition Documents. Comprising tracts on prohibition and 

the suppression of the liquor-traffic, making 256 pages 25 

.ILLUSTRATED TEMPERANCE TRACTS. 

A series of 19 four-page 12mo Illustrated Tracts, which will be sent to any address at 
30 cents per hundred ; $3 per 1,000. PACKETS, ASSORTED, 25 cents. Postage must 
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CHILDREN'S ILLUSTRATED TRACTS. 

A series of 122 four-page tracts, for children and youth, are each illustrated with a choice 
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Packet No. 1 of Pictorial Tracts for Children. 100 Tracts 25 

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UNION LEAFLETS. 

A series of 77 leaflets has been prepared by a Committee from the National Woman s 
Christian Temperance Union, and are specially adapted to Woman's Work, Juvenile Organi- 
zations, and Sunday-schools, and are just the size to enclose in an envelope and send to a 
friend. 150 pages for 10 cents ; 2,000 pages, $1. Postage 10 cents for 2,000 pages, if ty 
mail. The entire set in a file case, 25 cents. 

TEMPERANCE LEAFLETS. 

A series of 29 temperance leaflets, or Envelope Tracts, after the style of the celebrated 
" Dublin Tracts," which are neatly printed on tinted paper, and are just the thing to slip 
Into an envelope or hand to a friend. 150 pages for 10 cents ; 2,000 pages, $1. Postage, 
1 cents for 2,000 pages, if by mail. Entire set in a file case, 25 cents. 

LEAFLETS FOR YOUNG PEOPLE. 

A series of 24 four-page leaflets have been prepared by a Committee from the National 
Woman's Christian Temperance Union, and are especially adapted for work among youth. 
They consist of chatty and readable narratives and instruction on the temperance question. 
Price $2.50 per 1,000 ; 25 cents per 100 ; postage, 3 cents per 100, if by mail. In Packets 
of 75 Tracts 25 cents. 

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BEEH SERIES, 57 Numbers. 

GOSPEL SERIES, 40 Numbers. 

CIDER SERIES, 40 Numbers. 

Prepared by a Committee from the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union. 

Packet of Handbill Tracts, No. 2. Beer Series. Containing 200 of our one- 
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AfuU Catalogue with names of each Tract sent on application. 

Address J. N. STEARNS, Publishing Agent, 

58 Reade Street, New York 



TEMPERANCE MUSIC and SONG BOOKS. 



|> - • ♦> «4 



The National Temperance Society publish the following Music and 
Song Books, adapted to all Temperance Gatherings in the land : 

Bugle Notes for tlie Temperance Army, Edited by W. P. Sherwin and J. N. 

Stearns. Price, paper covers, 30 cents ; boards .35 

Paper covers, per dozen, post-paid, $3.40 ; board covers, $4.00. 
A new collection of Songs, Quartets and Glees, adapted to the use of all Temperance 
gatherings, Glee Clubs, etc., together with the Odes of the Sons of Temperance and Good 
Templars. The words and music are nearly all new, written and composed expressly for 
this work. Several popular authors have contributed to give variety, and the standard Odes, 
so necessary in all our Societies, are included. 

Temperance Chimes* Price, in paper, 30 cents ; board covers ,35 

Paper covers, per dozen, post-paid, $3.40 ; board covers, $40.0. 
A new Temperance Hymn and Tune Book of 128 pages, comprising a great variety of 
new music, Glees, Songs and Hymns, designed for the use of Temperance Meetings and Or- 
ganizations, Bands of Hope, Glee Clubs, and the Home Circle. The Odes of the Sons of 
Temperance and Good Templars are given in full, and set to appropriate music. 

Ripples of Song* Price, paper covers, 15 cts. ; per doz., $1.60 ; per hundred. 12.00 
Board covers, 20 cents ; per dozen, $2.20 ; per hundred, $18.00. 
The National Temperance Society have just published a new collection of sixty-foui 

Sages of Temperance Hymns and Songs, designed for children and youth in Sabbath-Schools, 
ands of Hope, Juvenile Templars, Cadets of Temperance, Cold-water Templars, and other 
Juvenile Societies, containing 90 popular hymns set to appropriate music. The Odes and 
Music of the Juvenile Templars are given in full. 

Temperance and Gospel Songs. 100 pages. Price in board covers, 30 cents ; per 
hundred 25.00 

The National Temperance Society has just published an edition of this new Song Book, 
whicb is fast gaining tne popularity which its merits deserve. It is greatly in advance of 
the temperance song books of the day, and adds much to the interest of temperance meet- 
ings wherever used. The words and music are mostly new, from the hands of our best 
authors. 

The Temperance Evangel. 68 pages. By D. B. Forum, and Rev. S. W. Spencer. 
Price, paper covers, 25 cents ; per doz., $2.50 ; board covers, 30 cents ; per doz... 3.25 
A collection of new and popular music and words, suitable for Gospel Temperance meet- 
ings, and general Temperance Work, just the book for Temperance Camp-meetings and 
Conventions, and Society meetings, etc. 

The Prohibition Songster* 12mo, 64 pages. Price, $12 per hundred. Single 
Copies .15 

This is a new collection of words and music, compiled to meet a wide-spread demand for 
a campaign song book, for Prohibition Clubs, Temperance Gatherings, Camp-meetings, Glee 
Clubs, etc., with ringing Prohibition Songs to suit the times. 

National Temperance Hymn and Song Book* 12mo, 64 pages. Paper> 

single copies, 10 cents ; per hundred 10*00 

A new collection of hymns and songs, with words only, to old and familiar tunes, and 
adapted to all temperance gatherings, including Gospel Temperance meetings, Sons of Tem- 
perance and Good Templar Organizations, Temperance Camp-meetings, Prohibition Clubs, 
open-air meetings, etc. 

Temperance Hymn-Book. Price, paper covers, 12 cts. each ; per hundred, $10.00. 
Board covers, 15 cents each ; per hundred 13*00 

Band of Hope melodies* Paper .10 

Containing fifty pages of Songs with Music, adapted to Bands of Hope, Juvenile Tern 
perance Societies, etc. Address 

J. N. STEARNS, Publishing: Agent, 

58 Reade Street, New ITork 





Worse 
X-han' Wasted: 



A SUPPLEMENT 



TO 

u 



UR W ASTED Resources.' 1 



BY 

WM. HARGREAVES, M.D., Ph.D., 

Author of " Our Wasted Resources," "Alcohol and Science: A $500 
Prize Essay," "Alcohol and Man," " Malt Liquors their Na- 
ture and Effects," " Our Nation's Drink-Bill," etc. 



NEW YORK : 

The National Temperance Society and Publication House, 
58 Reade Street. 





National Temperance Society, 

- n ■ 

T. L. CUYLEB, D D., Wm , ^ PORTEB, J. N, STEARNS, 

Fnti&wU Treasurer, Cor. Sec. and l*ub. Ag* 

THE NATIONAL TEMPERANCE SOCIETY, organized in 1865 for the purpose of sn 
plymg a sound and able temperance literature, have already stereotyped and publish 
over one thousand publications of all sorts and sizes, from the one-page tract no to t 
bound volume of 1,000 pages. This list comprises books, tracts, and pamphlets, containi 
essays, stories, sermons, argument, statistics, history, etc., upon ©very phase of the au< 
lion. Special attention has been given to the department 4 

FOR SUNDAY-SCHOOL LIBRARIES. 

One hundred and thirty-three volumes have already been issued, written by some of the b« 
authors in the land. These have been carefully examined and approved by the Publicati* 
Committee of the Society, representing the various religious denominations and temperan 
organizations of the country, which consists of the following members : 

PETER CARTER, Rev. A. Q. LAWSON, A. D. VAIL, D.D.. 

Rev. W. T. SABINE, T. A. BROUWER, R. R. SINCLAIR, 

A. A. ROBBINS, D. C. EDDY, D.D., JAMES BLACK, 

Bev. HALSEY MOORE, J. B. DUNN, D.D. J. N. STEARNS. 

Rev. ALFRED TAYLOR, 

The volumes have been cordially recommended by leading clergymen of all denomination 
and by numerous Ecclesiastical bodies and Temperance Organizations all over the Ian 
They should be in every Sunday-school Library. The following is a list of some of tie late 
and the best issued : 

The Hercules Brand. By A, M. Cummings. 121110,44700. $1.5 
The Dragon and the Tea-Kettle. By Mrs. J. McNair 

Wright. i2mo, 288 pp 1.0 

Mi§§ Janet's Old House. By Annette L. Noble. i2mo, 428 pp. #1.2 
Spinning-Wheel of Tarn worth (The). By Rev. W. A. 

Smith. i2mo, 206 pages e 9 

flaunted Islands. By M. E. Wilmer. i2mo, 383 pages 1.2 

Millerton People. By Faye Huntington. i2mo, 313 pages.. . 1.0 
Profit and Lo§§. Bv Mary D. Chellis. i2mo, 387 pages. .. .. 1 
Congressman Stanley's Fate. By Harriet A. Harp. i2mo, 

403 pages..... ...- 12 

How Biily Went Up in the World. By Annette L. Noble. 

1 2tno, 396 pages 12 

Competitive Workmen. By Faye Huntington. i2mo, 272 

pages i 

Hannah : One of the Strong Women. By Mrs. I. McNair 

Wright. 1 2mo, 290 pages * ..... 10 

Goiden Threads. By Ernest Gilmore. i2mo, 265 pages. ... . 10 
Effie Raymond's Xife- %\ orh, and Other Stories. By Jean- 

nie Bell. i2mo 270 pages. ....... * . 1 O 

Save the Boys. By Miss M. E. Winslow. i2mo, 379 pages. ... 12 
Sunset on Mount Blanc. By Mrs. M. F. Martin. i2mo f 

456pages... ... ....... $1 5 

Mabel's Work. By Mrs. S. M. I. Henry. i2mo, 468 pages.. . 1 5 
Voice of 'the Home (The). By Mrs, S. M. I. Henry. i2mo f \ 

405 pages.. .. 1 2 

Her Inheritance. By Laurie Loring. i2mo, 352 pages. . .... 12 

Lost Estate (The). By Mrs. J. P. Ballard. i2mo, 218 pages.. 1 
Rex Ringgold's School. By Rev. Pliny Steele Boyd. i2rno, 

399 pages 1 2i 

Prince of Good Fellows (The). By Margaret E. Wilmer. 

\ i2mo, 367 pages.. 1 2« 

Secret of Victory. By Miss M, E. Winslow. i2mo, 170 pages. 7i 

Little Blue Jacket* By M. A. Paull. i2mo, 212 pages. ..... 

Our Homes. By Mary Dwinell Chellis. i2mo, 426 pages...... I 5< 

f ijm Address J. N. STEARNS, Publishing Agent, 

&S Readc Street. New Vnrk, Oiti 



New Edition. Half the Original Price. 

Sewall's Stomach Plates. 



THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL. 



The National Temperance Society and Publication House have fast 
^published the celebrated lithographic Drawings of the Human Stomach 
showing the effects of intoxicating liquors, from the first inception cf dis- 
ease occasioned thereby, to death by delirium tremens. We have had rt 
peatei applications for them during the past few years, and hare now re- 
produced them in the original form. 

The drawings are eight in number. Size, 27 by 34 inches. 

TEMPERATE LIFE. 

No. 1 represents the internal coat of the stomach in a healthy slat* 
drawn from an individual who had lived an entirely temperate life. 

TEMPERATE DRINKER. 

No. 2 shows a portion of the internal coat of the stomach of the "tem- 
perate drinker," who drinks moderately daily, and sips wine at dinner. 

HABITUAL DRUNKARD. 
No. 3 represents the stomach of the habitual drunkard, with greatly en 
.arged and distended blood-vessels. 

HARD DRINKER. 

Wo. 4 shows the inner coat of the stomach of a "hard drinker," cor 
roded with small ulcers, and otherwise much inflamed. 

AFTER A DEBAUCH. 

IVo. 5 represents the stomach after a debauch of several days— appear 
»ng as though it were " on fire of hell." 

CORRODING CANCER. 
i\os. 6 and 7 represent the stomach of a sea-captain, an habitual drinkei 
of spirits, often in an undiluted state — the stomach thickened, and scir- 
rhous, with a corroding cancer of frightful aspect, 

delirium: tremens. 

Mo. § represents the internal coat of the stomach of a drunkard who 
had died in a state of delirium tremens. It shows the stomach to havf 
been in a state of extreme inflammation before death — in some points dark, 
as if in an incipient stage of mortification. A more striking contrast, con 
oared with the healthy stomach, it would be impossible to imagine. 

T hese Drawings are not the production of mere fancy, but are the result 
of actual scientific research and investigation, in one living case (that of 
Alexis St. Martin, in the year 1822), and of others immediately after death. 

Thty are invaluable to every student, scientific and medical man, and es 
pecially to those who are lecturing upon Physiology or Temperance. They 
ihould be in the possession of every College, School, Temperance Society 
ind reading Room in the land. 

Price, $6 per set, plain paper ; $8 mounted and on rollers. Address 

J. IS. 8TEARNS, Publishing Agent, 

58 KEADE STREET, NEW YORK 






STA.2srnD^R.r) 

TEMPERANCE W0EKI 

— , + +. 

THE NATIONAL TEMPERANCE SOCIETY havte issued a number of standard 
temperance works from the pens of some of the best writers in the world upon th« 
vital principles upon which the temperance reform is founded. The following should 
be in the hands of every friend of temperance, and in every library in the land. Most of these 
are in paper covers, as well as in cloth binding, for wide circulation. 

The Temperance Lesson-Book. By B. W. Rich 

ardson, M.A., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. i2mo, 220 pages. Paper 25cts.; 
cloth,. .. , ... .50 

This is a series of short lessons on alcohol and its action on the body, accompanied with 
suitable questions, designed for study in public and private schools, and reading in schools 
and families. 

Alcohol and Hygiene. An Elementary Lesson-Book 
for Schools. 121210, 234 pages. By Julia Colman. Paper, 30 cents ; 
cloth, .. ... 60 

The great question of temperance, the relations of alcohol to health, are here set forth 
simply, concisely, and comprehensively. The questions at the bottom of every page are so 
planned as to draw out, in the answers of the scholars, the most important facts. 

Ten Lectures on Alcohol. By B. W. Richardson, 
M.D. i2mo, 338 pages. Comprising "Cantor Lectures," " Alcohol on 
the Body and the Mind," *- Moderate Drinking," and "The Liberty of 
the Abject." Paper edition, 50 cents ; cloth, $1.©€ 

Alcohol and Science* $500 Prize Essay. By William 
Hargreaves, M.D. i2mo, 366 pages, with colored plates of the Stomach, 

Liver, and Kidneys $1.5€ 

This is a thoroughly scientific work, containing all the latest authorities, and important 

to all students of Temperance, Hygiene, and the Effects of Alcohol. 

Alcohol and the State. A discussion of the problem 
of law as applied to the liquor-traffic. By Robert C. Pitman, LL.D., 
Associate Judge of the Superior Court of Massahcusetts. i2mo, 411 
pages. Paper, 50 cents ; cloth ... $JL50 

It treats, with great conciseness and marked ability, of what the state loses in various ways 
through alcohol, and, in turn, of what is the duty ana proper function of the State concern- 
ing alcohol. 

Our Wasted Resources. By Dr. Wm. Hargreaves. 
i2mo, 202 pages. The Missing Link in the Temperance Reform, giving 
the most valuable statistics ever published. Price in cloth, $1.25; 
paper. .50 

Talks on Temperance. 121110, 198 pages. By Canon 

Farrar, D.D. Cloth, oo cents ; paper 25 

The Text-Book of Temperance. By Dr. F. R. 

Lees, F.S.A. i2mo, 312 pages. Historical, Biblical, Physiological, 
Statistical, Political, and Moral. It gives a thorough discussion of the 
entire question. Cloth, $1.25 ; paper •£© 

Juvenile Temperance Manual. By Miss Julia Col 

m*n. i2mo, 140 pages. Cloth, 60 cents ; paper. . . . . — . . .-. £d 

Any of the above sent by mail on receipt of price. Address 

J. F. STEABHS, Publishing Agent. 68 Beade St., New Tort 



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